NDLI: The root–soil system of Norway spruce subjected to turning moment: resistance as a function of rotation

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Lundström, T. Jonsson, M. J. Kalberer, M.
Copyright Year	2007
Abstract	The reactions of trees to wind, rockfall, and snow and debris flow depend largely on how strong and deformable their anchorage in the soil is. Here, the resistive turning moment M of the root–soil system as a function of the rotation ϕ at the stem base plays the major role. M(ϕ) describes the behavior of the root–soil system when subject to rotational moment, with the maximum M(ϕ) indicating the anchorage strength M $_{a}$ of the tree. We assessed M(ϕ) of 66 Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst) by pulling them over with a winch. These 45- to 170-year-old trees grew at sites of low and high elevation, with a diameter at breast height DBH = 14–69 cm and a height H = 9–42 m. M(ϕ) displayed a strong nonlinear behavior. M $_{a}$ was reached at a lower ϕ for large trees than for small trees. Thus overhanging tree weight contributed less to M $_{a}$ for the large trees. Overturning also occurred at a lower ϕ for the large trees. These observations show that the rotational ductility of the root–soil system is higher for small trees. M $_{a}$ could be described by four monovariate linear regression equations of tree weight, stem weight, stem volume and DBH$^{ 2 }$·H (0.80 < R $^{2}$ < 0.95), and ϕ at M $_{a}$, ϕ $_{a}$, by a power law of DBH$^{2}$·H (R $^{2}$ = 0.85). We found significantly higher M $_{a}$ for the low-elevation spruces than for the high-elevation spruces, which were more shallowly anchored, but no significant difference in ϕ $_{a}$. The 66 curves of M(ϕ), normalized ($_{n}$) by M $_{a}$ in M-direction and by ϕ $_{a}$ in ϕ-direction, yielded one characteristic average curve: $$\overline{M} _{{\text{n}}} {\left( {\phi _{{\text{n}}} } \right)}$$ . Using $$\overline{M} _{{\text{n}}} {\left( {\phi _{{\text{n}}} } \right)}$$ and the predictions of M $_{a}$ and ϕ $_{a}$, it is shown that M(ϕ) and the curves associated with M(ϕ) can be predicted with a relative standard error ≤25%. The parameterization of M(ϕ) by tree size and weight is novel and provides useful information for predicting with finite-element computer models how trees will react to natural hazards.
Starting Page	35
Ending Page	49
Page Count	15
File Format	PDF
ISSN	0032079X
Journal	Plant and Soil
Volume Number	300
Issue Number	1-2
e-ISSN	15735036
Language	English
Publisher	Springer Netherlands
Publisher Date	2007-09-20
Publisher Place	Dordrecht
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Allometry Energy absorption capacity Protective forest Mechanical modeling Tree structure Uprooting process Ecology Plant Physiology Soil Science & Conservation Plant Sciences
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Soil Science Plant Science

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