NDLI: Ca$^{2+}$ Release through Ryanodine Receptors in the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and Ca$^{2+}$ Sequestration by the Mitochondria in Smooth Muscle Cells

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Imaizumi, Yuji Ohi, Yoshiaki Yamamura, Hisao Morimura, Kozo Muraki, Katsuhiko
Copyright Year	2003
Abstract	The contribution of the Ca$^{2+}$-induced Ca$^{2+}$ release (CICR) mechanism in excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling and the tightness of the coupling between Ca$^{2+}$ influx and Ca$^{2+}$ release are still controversial in smooth muscle cells (SMC). In SMC isolated from the guinea-pig vas deferens or urinary bladder, a depolarizing stimulus initially induced spot-like increases in the intracellular Ca$^{2+}$ concentration ([Ca$^{2+}$]$_{ i }$), called “Ca$^{2+}$ hot spots,” at several superficial areas in the cell. When a weak stimulus (a small or a short depolarizing step) was applied, only a few Ca$^{2+}$ hot spots appeared transiently in the superficial area but did not spread into other regions, to trigger global [Ca$^{2+}$]$_{ i }$ rise. Such depolarization-evoked local Ca2+ transients were distinctive from spontaneous Ca$^{2+}$ sparks, since the former were susceptible to Ca$^{2+}$ blockers, ryanodine, and inhibitors of the Ca$^{2+}$ pump in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), suggesting pivotal roles of Ca$^{2+}$ influx through voltage-dependent Ca$^{2+}$ channels (VDCC) and Ca$^{2+}$ release from the SR through ryanodine receptors (RyR) for the activation of Ca$^{2+}$ spots. Frequently discharging Ca$^{2+}$ spark sites (FDS) under resting conditions were located exactly in the same areas as Ca$^{2+}$ hot spots evoked by depolarization, indicating the existence of distinct local junction sites for tight coupling between VDCC in the plasmalemma and RyR in the SR. Co-localization of clusters of RyR and large-conductance Ca$^{2+}$-activated K$^{+}$ (BK) channels was also suggested. The fast and tight coupling for CICR in these junctional sites was triggered also by an action potential, whereas a slower spread of Ca$^{2+}$ wave to the whole-cell areas suggests the loose coupling in propagating CICR to other cell areas. It can therefore be postulated that CICR may occur in two steps upon depolarization; the initial CICR in distinct junctional sites shows tight coupling between Ca$^{2+}$ influx and release, and the following CICR may propagate slow Ca$^{2+}$ waves to other areas. Ryanodine receptors form a multiprotein complex with molecules such as calsequestrin, junctin, triadin, junctophilins, and FK506-binding proteins, which directly or indirectly regulate the RyR activity and the tight coupling. Moreover, an evoked Ca$^{2+}$ spot may enhance Ca$^{2+}$ uptake by neighboring mitochondria and their ATP production to increase energy supply to the Ca$^{2+}$ pump of the SR in the microdomain.
Starting Page	169
Ending Page	174
Page Count	6
File Format	PDF
ISSN	00902977
Journal	Neurophysiology
Volume Number	35
Issue Number	3-4
e-ISSN	15739007
Language	English
Publisher	Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers
Publisher Date	2003-01-01
Publisher Place	New York
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Neurosciences
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Neuroscience Physiology

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