NDLI: Modeling user response timings in spoken dialog systems

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Witt, Silke
Copyright Year	2014
Abstract	This article is concerned with optimizing human-machine turn-taking. In particular, the article covers an in-depth analysis of the timings when users respond to system query in spoken dialog systems. The goal of this work is to obtain a broad understanding of such timing patterns independent of dialog system type and dialog state context. Therefore, the analysis was based on a large volume of data both from a number of deployed spoken dialog system and an experimental study. The data from the experimental study showed that too short timeout settings can cause the system to interrupt a user and thus cause turn-taking problems. Next, the response timing patterns both during a system prompt as well as after prompt-end were analyzed for a number of different question types. It is shown that user responses while the system is playing a prompt (aka ‘barge-in’) tend to occur in the range of 10–25 % of all user responses, where the exact percentage of barge-in is context-dependent. It was also found that the timing of user responses after a system finishes speaking always follows the same uni-modal pattern independent of system domain and question type. This pattern can be modeled with a rational distribution. Based on these findings, a probabilistic response time model is presented, that allows calculating the likelihood of a user response at any time in a system. This response timing model can be used for multiple purposes, among them timeout setting optimization.
Starting Page	231
Ending Page	243
Page Count	13
File Format	PDF
ISSN	13812416
Journal	International Journal of Speech Technology
Volume Number	18
Issue Number	2
e-ISSN	15728110
Language	English
Publisher	Springer US
Publisher Date	2014-11-30
Publisher Place	New York
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Human-machine turn-taking Interaction timings Timing in human-computer interactions Spoken dialog systems Signal, Image and Speech Processing Social Sciences Artificial Intelligence (incl. Robotics)
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Human-Computer Interaction Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Software Linguistics and Language

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1	Ministry of Education (GoI), Department of Higher Education	Sanctioning Authority	https://www.education.gov.in/ict-initiatives
2	Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur	Host Institute of the Project: The host institute of the project is responsible for providing infrastructure support and hosting the project	https://www.iitkgp.ac.in
3	National Digital Library of India Office, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur	The administrative and infrastructural headquarters of the project	Dr. B. Sutradhar bsutra@ndl.gov.in
4	Project PI / Joint PI	Principal Investigator and Joint Principal Investigators of the project	Dr. B. Sutradhar bsutra@ndl.gov.in Prof. Saswat Chakrabarti will be added soon
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