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| Content Provider | Springer Nature Link |
|---|---|
| Author | Rakov, V. A. |
| Copyright Year | 2013 |
| Abstract | An overview of the physics of cloud-to-ground lightning is given, including its initiation, propagation, and attachment to ground. Discharges artificially initiated (triggered) from natural thunderclouds using the rocket-and-wire technique are discussed with a view toward studying properties of natural lightning. Both conventional and runaway breakdown mechanisms of lightning initiation in thunderclouds are reviewed, as is the role of the lower positive charge region in facilitating different types of lightning. New observations of negative-leader stepping and its attachment to ground are compared to similar processes in long laboratory sparks. The mechanism and parameters of compact intracloud lightning discharges that are thought to be the most intense natural producers of HF-VHF (3–300 MHz) radiation on Earth are reviewed. The M-component mode of charge transfer to ground and its difference from the leader/return-stroke mode are discussed. Lightning interaction with the ionosphere and the production of energetic radiation (X-rays and gamma radiation) by cloud-to-ground leaders are considered. |
| Starting Page | 701 |
| Ending Page | 729 |
| Page Count | 29 |
| File Format | |
| ISSN | 01693298 |
| Journal | Surveys in Geophysics |
| Volume Number | 34 |
| Issue Number | 6 |
| e-ISSN | 15730956 |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | Springer Netherlands |
| Publisher Date | 2013-04-16 |
| Publisher Place | Dordrecht |
| Access Restriction | One Nation One Subscription (ONOS) |
| Subject Keyword | Lightning Initiation mechanism Conventional breakdown Relativistic runaway breakdown Cold runaway breakdown Lower positive charge region Compact intracloud discharges Leader stepping Attachment process M-components Ionosphere X-rays Gamma radiation Geophysics/Geodesy Earth Sciences Astronomy, Observations and Techniques |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
| Subject | Geophysics Geochemistry and Petrology |
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