NDLI: Policy evaluation of vehicle exhaust standards in Japan from 1995 to 2005 based on two human health risk indices for air pollution and global warming

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Policy evaluation of vehicle exhaust standards in Japan from 1995 to 2005 based on two human health risk indices for air pollution and global warming

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Kojima, Naoya Tokai, Akihiro Nakakubo, Toyohiko Nagata, Yusuke
Copyright Year	2016
Abstract	Measures for vehicle exhaust emissions aimed at reducing either air pollution or global warming could have counterproductive effects on one another. Increasing diesel passenger vehicles, which generally have lower CO2 emissions than gasoline counterparts, leads to increasing particulate matter (PM) emissions, while gasoline has lower PM emissions than diesel. It is said that stringent limits on PM emission factors discourages improved CO2 emission factors. Without including both effects in a risk evaluation, one cannot evaluate whether the total risk is reduced or not. Hence, we evaluated representative exhaust emission measures based on risk evaluation for both air pollution and global warming. Considering consumer choice between diesel and gasoline passenger vehicles and emissions standards adopted in Japan from 1995 to 2005, we built five cases for vehicle policy evaluation. For each case, we estimated disability-adjusted life years (DALY) as an index of human health risk caused by lung cancer linked to inhalation exposure of elemental carbon in PM as well as due to global warming linked to CO2. The results of our risk evaluation reveal that the case adopting the 2005 new long-term Japanese emission standard reduces the human health risk caused by lung cancer due to air pollution by 0.6 × 103 DALY, but would increase the risk due to global warming by 31.9 × 103 DALY compared with the case of adopting EURO 4, for the same conditions of passenger vehicle choice from 1995. These results suggest that the characteristics of Japanese emissions standards are mainly designed to reduce air pollution.
Starting Page	229
Ending Page	238
Page Count	10
File Format	PDF
ISSN	21945403
Journal	Environmentalist
Volume Number	36
Issue Number	3
e-ISSN	21945411
Language	English
Publisher	Springer US
Publisher Date	2016-02-03
Publisher Place	New York
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Risk evaluation Policy evaluation DALY Vehicle exhaust emissions PM CO2 Environment Environmental Management Sustainable Development Environmental Engineering/Biotechnology Environmental Economics
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Environmental Science

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