NDLI: Seasonal variation, risk assessment and source estimation of PM 10 and PM10-bound PAHs in the ambient air of Chiang Mai and Lamphun, Thailand

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Pengchai, Petch Chantara, Somporn Sopajaree, Khajornsak Wangkarn, Sunanta Tengcharoenkul, Urai Rayanakorn, Mongkon
Copyright Year	2008
Abstract	Daily PM10 concentrations were measured at four sampling stations located in Chiang Mai and Lamphun provinces, Thailand. The sampling scheme was conducted during June 2005 to June 2006; every 3 days for 24 h in each sampling period. The result revealed that all stations shared the same pattern, in which the PM10 (particulate matters with diameter of less than 10 μm) concentration increased at the beginning of dry season (December) and reached its peak in March before decreasing by the end of April. The maximum PM10 concentration for each sampling station was in the range of 140–182 μg/m3 which was 1.1–1.5 times higher than the Thai ambient air quality standard of 120 μg/m3. This distinctly high concentration of PM10 in the dry season (Dec. 05–Mar. 06) was recognized as a unique seasonal pattern for the northern part of Thailand. PM10 concentration had a medium level of negative correlation (r = −0.696 to −0.635) with the visibility data. Comparing the maximum PM10 concentration detected at each sampling station to the permitted PM10 level of the national air quality standard, the warning visibility values for the PM10 pollution-watch system were determined as 10 km for Chiang Mai Province and 5 km for Lamphun Province. From the analysis of PM10 constituents, no component exceeded the national air quality standard. The total concentrations of PM10-bond polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are calculated in terms of total toxicity equivalent concentrations (TTECs) using the toxicity equivalent factors (TEFs) method. TTECs in Chiang Mai and Lamphun ambient air was found at a level comparable to those observed in Nagasaki, Bangkok and Rome and at a lower level than those reported at Copenhagen. The annual number of lung cancer cases for Chiang Mai and Lamphun Provinces was estimated at two cases/year which was lower than the number of cases in Bangkok (27 cases/year). The principal component analysis/absolute principal component scores (PCA/APCS) model and multiple regression analysis were applied to the PM10 and its constituents data. The results pointed to the vegetative burning as the largest PM10 contributor in Chiang Mai and Lamphun ambient air. Vegetative burning, natural gas burning & coke ovens, and secondary particle accounted for 46–82%, 12–49%, and 3–19% of the PM10 concentrations, respectively. However, natural gas burning & coke ovens as well as vehicle exhaust also deserved careful attention due to their large contributions to PAHs concentration. In the wet season and transition periods, 42–60% of the total PAHs concentrations originated from vehicle exhaust while 16–37% and 14–38% of them were apportioned to natural gas burning & coke ovens and vegetative burning, respectively. In the dry period, natural gas burning & coke ovens, vehicle exhaust, and vegetative burning accounted for 47–59%, 20–25%, and 19–28% of total PAHs concentrations. The close agreement between the measured and predicted concentrations data (R2 > 0.8) assured enough capability of PCA/APCS receptor model to be used for the PM10 and PAHs source apportionment.
Starting Page	197
Ending Page	218
Page Count	22
File Format	PDF
ISSN	01676369
Journal	Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
Volume Number	154
Issue Number	1-4
e-ISSN	15732959
Language	English
Publisher	Springer Netherlands
Publisher Date	2008-08-08
Publisher Place	Dordrecht
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Lung cancer Natural gas burning and coke ovens PAHs PCA/APCS PM10 TEF TTEC Vegetative burning Vehicle exhaust Ecology Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution Environmental Management Ecotoxicology Environmental Monitoring/Analysis
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Pollution Medicine Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law

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