NDLI: Covariance in water- and nutrient budgets of Dutch peat polders: what governs nutrient retention?

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Vermaat, Jan E. Hellmann, Fritz
Copyright Year	2009
Abstract	Water and nutrient budgets were constructed for 13 low-lying peat polders in the Netherlands that varied in elevation relative to sea level (−0.2 to −2.4 m below sea level), land use (7–70% of the total polder area covered by agriculture; largely dairy farming), and surface water prevalence (6–43%). Water balances were verified with chloride budgets and accepted when both met the criterion (total inflows − total outflows)/(total inflows) <0.05. Apart from precipitation and evapotranspiration (overall means 913 vs. 600 mm), in- and outlet (171 vs. 420 mm) as well as in- and outward seepage (137 vs. 174 mm) were important items in the water budgets. Nutrient budgets, however, were dominated by terms related to agricultural land use (~60% of all inputs, 90% of N-removal and 80% of P removal) rather than water fluxes (8% and 5% of N and P inputs; 6 and 18% of outputs). After agriculture (200 kg N ha−1 y−1), mineralisation of the peat soil and atmospheric deposition appear to be important inputs (about 94 and 21 kg N ha−1 y−1). Major output terms were agricultural output (209 kg N ha−1 y−1) and denitrification (95 kg N ha−1 y−1). The average N budget was in balance (difference ~1 kg N ha−1 y−1), whereas P accumulated in most polders, particularly those under agriculture. The mean P surplus (15 kg P ha−1 y−1 in the 9 mainly agricultural polders) corresponds well with the accumulated difference observed elsewhere (700 kg P ha−1 in the upper 50 cm in a nature reserve versus 1400 under agriculture) after over 50 years of dairy farming. Bulk retention of N and P in these polders is taking place in the peat soil, through temporary sorption to the matrix and N is lost through denitrification. In a principal components analysis combining land use, landscape pattern, water balance and nutrient budget terms, the three-first principal components explained 63% of the variability. The first component (PC) correlated strongly with the percentage of land under agriculture (r = 0.82) and negatively with the percentage covered by surface water (r = −0.74). Most input and output terms of the nitrogen budget also correlated with this PC. The second PC covaried distinctly with the total area of a polder (r = −0.79) and human population density at municipality level (r = 0.75). Phosphorus loads in inlet and outlet water correlated with this PC. This suggests that the variability in nutrient budgets among polders is largely governed by agricultural land use.
Starting Page	109
Ending Page	126
Page Count	18
File Format	PDF
ISSN	01682563
Journal	Biogeochemistry
Volume Number	99
Issue Number	1-3
e-ISSN	1573515X
Language	English
Publisher	Springer Netherlands
Publisher Date	2009-12-05
Publisher Place	Dordrecht
Access Restriction	Subscribed
Subject Keyword	Wetlands Water management Mineralisation Land use Fertilization Subsidence Life Sciences Ecosystems Environmental Chemistry Biogeosciences
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Earth-Surface Processes Environmental Chemistry Water Science and Technology

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