NDLI: Devonian carbonate buildup facies in an intra-oceanic island arc (Tamworth Belt, New South-Wales, Australia)

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Facies : Volume 38

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Facies : Volume 36

Devonian carbonate buildup facies in an intra-oceanic island arc (Tamworth Belt, New South-Wales, Australia)

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Pohler, Susanne M. L.
Copyright Year	1998
Abstract	Biohermal and biostromal buildups were investigated in late Early and Middle Devonian carbonate complexes of the Tamworth Belt. The buildup types and subtypes were studied in three regions (Yarramanbully, Sulcor and, Wyaralong') to clarify their paleo-environmental position.Two stages of development are recognized: Incipient bioherms and bioherms. Incipient bioherms are carbonate buildups with organisms which commonly form true bioherms. They dominate the sediment with small growth forms but are not prolific enough to build large bio-frameworks. Small nodular and globular stromatoporoids characterize the incipient bioherms and are interpreted as stunted growth forms. In one location (‘Wyaralong’) the coarse stromatoporoid calcarenite represents a fore-reef facies, at Sulcor a shallow subtidal setting with moderate water energy can be deduced. The bioherms can be sub-divided into stromatoporoid-, stromatoporoid-Stachyodes-, and stromatoporoid-rugose coral bioherms. Their variable composition probably reflects growth and deposition in different zones of a reef complex and/or different proximity to areas of denundation indicated by high siliciclastic input. In the Tamworth region true bioherms occur only in the Moore Creek Limestone Member (Middle Devonian), and not in older carbonate successions.Biostromes are sub-divided into (1) incipient biostromes with stromatoporoid-heliolitid biostromes and alveolitid biostromes; (2) aggregate biostromes withAmphipora andStachyodes biostromes; (3) stratified biostromes; (4) mixed aggregate/stratified biostromes. The different types of biostromes are not limited to specific time-intervals, but rather to environmental conditions. (1) Incipient biostromes are characterized by laminar stromatoporoids and tabulate corals. Their forms are interpreted as initial layers of skeletons which were hampered by adverse conditions in growth. The stromatoporoid-heliolitid incipient biostrome (Eifelian Moore Creek Ls. Mbr., Yarramanbully) is characterized by abundance of dislodged laminar, ragged and tabular colonies associated with small globular and nodular heliolitids. An unstable substrate may have caused the growth disruptions. Decreasing grain-size of skeletal debris and increasing mud-content suggests deposition on a bathymetric gradient with deepening to the south. The alveolitid incipient biostrome (Eifelian Moore Creek Ls. Mbr., ‘Wyaralong’) is composed of nodular limestone with laminar alveolitids, stromatoporoids andSphaerocodium. It grades eastwards into dark nodular limestone with siliceous sponges and westwards it interdigitates with mudrich calcarenite. Deepening from west to east is implied. The incipient biostromes are interpreted as foreslope facies deposited at depths ranging from shallow subtidal (coarse-grained calcarenite) to deeper subtidal (fine-grained mud-rich calcarenite). (2) The term «aggregate biostromes» is chosen to characterize large mono-or oligo-generic aggregations of sessile colonial animals with calcareous skeletons with ramose growth habit examplified byAmphipora- andStachyodes biostromes. Both genera of ramose stromatoporoids lived in quiet shallow subtidal environments, withAmphipora apparently enduring higher mud contents and possibly hypersalinity and/or oxygen deficiency. (3) Stratified biostromes are built mainly by tabular and laminar stromatoporoids and tabulate corals. Only one example from the Sulcor Limestone Member can be recognized in the Tamworth region. These deep and quiet water buildups formed when sedimentation rate was low. Possibly they indicate drowning of the carbonate platform. (4) Mixed stratified/aggregate biostromes are also deep water carbonate buildups. They exhibit an alternation of growth forms (ramose and stratified) at different levels. The mixed biostromes at yarramanbully (Emsian) show alternating growth habits varying in 50 m to 60 m-intervals from stratified growth form-dominated to aggregate growth form-dominated to mixed buildup facies. Sea level changes due to tectonism or orbital changes may be the cause. Small scale cyclic alternations of growth forms occur in irregular (decimeter) intervals in the Yarramanbully biostromes and in more regular intervals in Eifelian mixed stratified/aggregate biostromes. Possible control factors include sea-level or climatic changes and faunal interactions. Bioherms and aggregate biostromes with ramose stromatoporoids are interpreted as-shallow water deposits, whereas the biostromes formed in deeper water. This differentation is crucial for reconstruction of the depositional history of the basin.Association of biohermal limestone with aggregate biostromes (i.e.Amphipora- andStachyodes limestone) reflects differentiation of a carbonate platform into reef and quiet water off-reef depositional centres. The sporadic development of deep-water buildups signals deposition over an increasing relief possibly caused by tectonism.
Starting Page	1
Ending Page	34
Page Count	34
File Format	PDF
ISSN	01729179
Journal	Facies
Volume Number	39
Issue Number	1
e-ISSN	16124820
Language	English
Publisher	Springer-Verlag
Publisher Date	1998-01-01
Publisher Place	Berlin, Heidelberg
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Carbonates Biostromes Bioherms Tamwoth belt New South Wales (Australia) Devonian (Emsian-Eifelian-Early Givetian) Biogeosciences Geochemistry Paleontology Sedimentology Ecology
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Geology Stratigraphy Paleontology

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