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| Content Provider | Springer Nature Link |
|---|---|
| Author | Xephontos, Marina Cresswell, Will |
| Copyright Year | 2016 |
| Abstract | Many populations of European migrant bird species are declining and this may be driven by survival rates; however, there are few studies that can estimate true survival rates. Cyprus wheatears Oenanthe cypriaca are an endemic migrant that winter in East Africa: populations are probably not declining but are annually variable. We recorded territory occupation and reoccupation in a colour-ringed population of 45–69 pairs over a 4-year period (2010–2013) from April to August to measure apparent survival and determine how it varied with sex, age, breeding productivity and year. We then estimated true survival by correcting apparent survival for dispersal by recording territory shifts and how this also varied by sex, age, breeding productivity and year. Apparent annual survival rate varied significantly by sex, age and year (males 2011, 2012, 2013: 0.70, 0.50, 0.62; females: 0.56, 0.34, 0.47; chicks: 0.35, 0.19, 0.28) but was not affected by the productivity of a territory. An average of 1.1 % of males and 8.2 % of females were lost during breeding, where 5/7 lost females were found depredated during incubation. Adults did not usually change territories between years (87 % were resident and 99 % moved less than four territories between years) regardless of sex, productivity or year; chicks, independent of their sex, moved on average three territories away from their natal territory. After correcting apparent survival for the probability of dispersal, males had the highest true minimum annual survival compared to females which were very similar to chicks (males 2011, 2012, 2013: 0.77, 0.50, 0.65; females: 0.65, 0.35, 0.50; chicks: 0.64, 0.34, 0.49). The results indicate a very high survival rate for a small passerine migrant, although they are probably sufficiently annually variable to profoundly affect annual population dynamics. If females have a lower survival rate, the sex ratio at birth may be female-biased to compensate; alternatively, females may have longer range dispersal than we could measure, particularly if they respond to their mates not returning by moving territories, leading to underestimation of their true survival. A high survival rate may be due to the rarity of sparrowhawks on Cyprus and the wheatears relatively short distance migration. Überleben und Ausbreitung des Zypernsteinschmätzers ( Oenanthe cypriaca ), einem endemischen Zugvogel Viele Populationen europäischer Zugvögel sind im Rückgang begriffen. Dies könnte auf einen Rückgang der Überlebensraten zurückzuführen sein, doch gibt es nur wenige Studien, welche die tatsächlichen Überlebensraten abschätzen können. Der Zypernsteinschmätzer (Oenanthe cypriaca) ist ein endemischer Zugvogel, der in Ostafrika überwintert; seine Populationen sind wahrscheinlich nicht rückläufig, sondern im Jahresverlauf variabel. Wir haben das scheinbare Überleben von Zypernsteinschmätzern gemessen, indem wir die Besetzung und Wiederbesetzung von Revieren in einer farbberingten Population mit 45–69 Paaren über vier Jahre (2010–2013) von April bis August erfasst haben und festgestellt haben, ob diesbezüglich Geschlechts-, Alters- und Jahresunterschiede bestehen. Wir haben dann das tatsächliche Überleben abgeschätzt, indem wir Revierwechsel erfasst und das scheinbare Überleben mittels dieser Ausbreitungsdaten korrigiert haben; hierbei haben wir ebenfalls Geschlechts-, Alters- und Jahresunterschiede berücksichtigt. Die scheinbare jährliche Überlebensrate variierte signifikant zwischen den Geschlechtern, Alt- und Jungvögeln und den verschiedenen Jahren (Männchen 2011, 2012, 2013: 0,70, 0,50, 0,62; Weibchen: 0,56, 0,34, 0,47; Jungvögel: 0,35, 0,19, 0,28), wurde jedoch nicht von der Produktivität des Reviers beeinflusst. Durchschnittlich 1,1 % der Männchen und 8,2 % der Weibchen, die mit der Brut begonnen hatten, konnten später nicht mehr erfasst werden, wobei fünf von sieben Weibchen während der Bebrütungsphase von Räubern erbeutet wurden. Unabhängig von Geschlecht, Produktivität oder Jahr wechselten Altvögel ihr Revier zwischen den Jahren normalerweise nicht (87 % blieben im selben Revier und 99 % siedelten sich in einem Revier an, das weniger als vier Reviere von ihrem vorherigen Revier entfernt war); Jungvögel besetzten unabhängig von ihrem Geschlecht ein Revier, das durchschnittlich drei Reviere von ihrem Geburtsrevier entfernt lag. Nachdem das scheinbare Überleben mittels der Ausbreitungswahrscheinlichkeit korrigiert worden war, wiesen Männchen das höchste tatsächliche Mindestüberleben von einem Jahr zum nächsten auf, während das Überleben der Weibchen stark dem der Jungvögel ähnelte (Männchen 2011, 2012, 2013: 0,77, 0,50, 0,65; Weibchen: 0,65, 0,35, 0,50; Jungvögel: 0,64, 0,34, 0,49). Diese Ergebnisse zeigen eine für einen kleinen ziehenden Sperlingsvogel sehr hohe Überlebensrate, wobei die Überlebensraten wahrscheinlich hinreichend variabel sind, um die jährliche Populationsdynamik deutlich zu beeinflussen. Falls die Weibchen tatsächlich geringere Überlebensraten haben, könnte dies durch eine Verschiebung des Geschlechterverhältnisses der Jungvögel zu Weibchen hin ausgeglichen werden. Alternativ könnten Weibchen sich über längere Strecken als die von uns gemessenen ausbreiten, besonders falls sie ihr Revier wechseln, wenn ihr Partner nicht zurückkehrt (was zu einer Unterschätzung ihres tatsächlichen Überlebens führen würde). Das allgemein hohe Überleben könnte darauf zurückzuführen sein, dass Sperber auf Zypern selten sind und die Steinschmätzer nur über relativ kurze Strecken ziehen. |
| Starting Page | 707 |
| Ending Page | 719 |
| Page Count | 13 |
| File Format | |
| ISSN | 21937192 |
| Journal | Journal für Ornithologie |
| Volume Number | 157 |
| Issue Number | 3 |
| e-ISSN | 21937206 |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | Springer Berlin Heidelberg |
| Publisher Date | 2016-02-04 |
| Publisher Place | Berlin, Heidelberg |
| Access Restriction | Subscribed |
| Subject Keyword | Palearctic migrants Site fidelity Oenanthe cypriaca Migration Mortality Zoology Ecology Fish & Wildlife Biology & Management |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
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