NDLI: Internal Pipping (IP): obligatory or facultative behaviour for successful hatching?

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Internal Pipping (IP): obligatory or facultative behaviour for successful hatching?

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Prinzinger, Roland Dietz, Volker Bringer, Daniela
Copyright Year	2000
Abstract	The (invisible) behaviour called Internal Pipping (IP, the puncturing of the inner egg membrane to bring the bill tip inside the air-cell to breathe air) is considered as a regular and obligatory element in the normal hatching process of a bird. It does, indeed, frequently occur when about 90 % of the incubation period has elapsed, shortly before the embryo cracks the eggshell with its bill (External Pipping, EP). In some bird species (e. g. pigeons, shearwaters, petrels, gulls and terns) EP is reported to precede IP. However, in the Rock Dove (Columba livia) and the Diamond Dove (Geopelia cuneata) we could not confirm this observation.In many papers IP is said normally to be especially correlated with a change in embryonic oxygen consumption, namely a transition to a plateau phase. At this time respiration changes from chorioallantoic membrane to lungs; the lungs are filled with air which is thought to be provided exclusively from the air-cell. Many authors describe this behaviour accordingly. Nevertheless, there exist no direct observations or even experimental data to substantiate this claim. Our paper deals with this problem:During our long-term experiments on embryonic metabolic rate we first observed that embryos of at least 17 different bird species frequently hatched and developed successfully without any signs of a general IP. The membrane of the air-cell was not pipped (see Table 1).Additional and systematic observations in a professional breeding station on 1040 eggs ofGallus gallus domesticus showed that in 7–13,5 % of cases embryos hatched without any signs of IP (see Table 2).To determine whether this phenomenon is a common event we performed special experiments in four different bird species (Domestic FowlGallus gallus domesticus, Rock Dove, Common QuailCoturnix coturnix, Brown KiwiApteryx mantelli). These tests showed that hatching without IP occurs in 7 to 65 % (mean value 35.7 %) of cases in all four species without any negative effects on subsequent ontogenetic development.Evidently, IP is not an obligatory but a facultative behaviour in these cases, and probably in general. The aeration of the lungs can be done a different way within the space of the chorioallantoic membrane; for this reason no air-cell is needed.Beim Internal Pipping (IP=„inneres Schlüpfen“) durchstößt der Embryo mit dem Schnabel die Schalenmembran zur Luftkammer und kann somit direkt Luft aus dem Eiinnenraum atmen (die allerdings durch die Austauschvorgänge der Chorioallantois und der Lunge sowie durch die Diffusionsbarriere der Poren der Kalkschale eine wesentlich andere Partialdruckzusammensetzung als die umgebende atmosphärische Luft besitzt). Dieses Verhalten tritt normalerweise nach Ablauf von ca. 90 % der Bebrütungszeit vor dem eigentlichen An- bzw. Aufbrechen der Eischale (EP=„External Pipping“) auf. Bei einigen Vogelarten (Sturmtaucher, Möwen, Tauben, Sturmvögel und Seeschwalben) soll das EP auch vor oder mit dem IP stattfinden. Für die Felsentaube (Columba livia) und das Diamanttäubchen (Geopelia cuneata) konnten wir dies aber nicht bestätigen.IP wird in der Literatur i. d. R. in einem kausalen Zusammenhang mit einer Stagnation im sonst kontinuierlichen Anstieg des Sauerstoffverbrauchs (Plateauphase) des sich entwikkelnden Embryos beschrieben: Die Atmung soll in dieser Phase von der Chorioallantois auf die Lunge umgestellt werden und ermöglicht so deren Füllung mit Luft, was für ihre funktionale Entwicklung unerläßlich ist. Über 50 Veröffentlichungen beschäftigen sich mit diesem Phänomen, ohne daß es dazu aber detaillierte Beobachtungen oder gar systematische Untersuchungen (Experimente) gäbe.Um diesen Mangel zu beseitigen, führten wir entsprechende Untersuchungen durch:(1) Im Rahmen von Experimenten zum Energieumsatz in der Vogelembryogenese beobachteten wir bei einer großen Anzahl von Schlüpflingen von 17 verschiedenen Vogelarten einen erfolgreichen Schlupf ohne jegliche Anzeichen von IP. Die innere Eimembran zur Luftkammer war intakt, also nicht mit dem Schnabel durchstoßen worden (Tab. 1). (2) Systematische Beobachtungen an 1040 Eiern von Hühnern (Gallus gallus domesticus) in einer professionellen Bebrütungsanstalt zeigten, daß zwischen 7–13,5 % ohne IP schlüpften (Tab. 2). (3) Mit experimentellen Untersuchungen an Haushuhn, Felsentaube, Wachtel (Coturnix coturnix) und (Nordinsel-)Streifenkiwi (Apteryx mantelli) konnten wir in 7–65 % (Mittelwert: 35,7 %) aller Fälle zeigen, daß Vogelembryonen ohne IP erfolgreich und ohne negative Folgen für ihre nachfolgende Entwicklung schlüpfen können.Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß IP also allem Anschein nach keine obligate, sondern höchstens eine fakultative Verhaltensweise ist. Die Lunge kann über den luftgefüllten Raum innerhalb der Chorioallantois belüftet werden.
Starting Page	191
Ending Page	202
Page Count	12
File Format	PDF
ISSN	00218375
Journal	Journal für Ornithologie
Volume Number	141
Issue Number	2
e-ISSN	14390361
Language	English
Publisher	Springer-Verlag
Publisher Date	2000-01-01
Publisher Place	Berlin, Heidelberg
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Internal Pipping hatching behaviour air-cell Apteryx mantelli ontogeny of breathing Animal Ecology Evolutionary Biology Zoology
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Animal Science and Zoology

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