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| Content Provider | Springer Nature Link |
|---|---|
| Author | Berthold, Peter Bossche, Willem Fiedler, Wolfgang Gorney, Edna Kaatz, Michael Leshem, Yossi wak, Eugeniusz Querner, Ulrich |
| Copyright Year | 2001 |
| Abstract | To formulate a comprehensive plan for the conservation of the White Stork (Ciconia ciconia) in conformity with the “Bonn Convention”, along the eastern migration route from the breeding grounds across Israel into the staging areas in northeastern Africa, it was essential to investigate the entire process of migration, including resting behaviour as well as the energetic and ecological aspects. Our approach employed satellite tracking (of 75 individuals), observations of storks in aviaries by methods including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectroscopy (MRS) (12 birds over 15 months), and extensive field studies. The main result of the investigation is that the White Stork exhibits, at least on the eastern route, a particular mode of migration not previously described in this form for any bird species, with the following characteristics: (i) very rapid travel from the breeding region into the North African staging areas, normally with flight periods every day, lasting about 8–10 hours and separated by 14–16 hours of rest. The ca. 4600-km distance to latitude 18°N is covered in an average of 18–19 days by both young and adult storks. (ii) Rest periods of a whole day or even several days are the exception, and their occurrence seems to be prompted by external circumstances rather than prescribed in the endogenous migration program. (iii) Body mass and fat deposition are low during the outward (and the homeward) journey and peak in midwinter, which is interpreted as an adaptation to unpredictable conditions in the winter quarters. (iv) There is no discernible hyperphagia during migration; instead, on the outward journey the storks evidently feed mainly to meet their immediate needs when in eastern Europe, more opportunistically when approaching the Mediterranean Sea, and practically not at all in Israel. According to this observation and the comparison of body weights in Sachsen-Anhalt and Israel, it is likely that storks lose weight on the outward trip and do not regain it until they reach Africa. We call the migration mode of the White Stork, which travels predominantly in gliding flight, the MSOM type (from “mostly travelling every day”, “seldom inserting whole-day rests”, “opportunistically feeding” and “moderate or no fat depots developing”), and distinguish it from the types ILHB (for intermittently migrating) and NNHB (migrating non stop) (see Discussion). The results of this study, in particular regarding fat deposition and state of breast musculature, are based substantially on MRI and MRS; these methods, tested here in a pioneering long-term study of a bird species living in the wild, have proved extremely useful and show great promise (see following paper).Für ein umfassendes Schutzkonzept für den Weißstorch (Ciconia ciconia) im Rahmen der „Bonner Konvention“ entlang der Ostroute von den Brutgebieten über Israel bis in nordostafrikanische Zwischenziele war es erforderlich, den genauen Zugablauf, das Rastverhalten sowie Fragen der Zugenergetik und Zugökologie zu untersuchen. Wir bearbeiteten die Fragen mit Hilfe der Satelliten-Telemetrie (75 Individuen), der Untersuchung von Störchen in Volieren einschließlich der Magnet-Resonanz-(MR-)Tomographie und -Spektroskopie (MRS) (12 Vögel, über 15 Monate) sowie umfangreicher Freilandstudien. Das Hauptergebnis der Untersuchungen ist: Der Weißstorch zeigt — zumindest auf der Ostroute — einen eigenartigen, bisher von keiner anderen Vogelart in dieser Form beschriebenen Zugmodus mit folgenden Charakteristika: 1) sehr zügiges, normalerweise tagtägliches Wandern vom Brutgebiet bis in die nordafrikanischen Zwischenziele, wobei täglich etwa 8–10 Stunden gewandert und 14–16 Stunden gerastet wird. Die rund 4 600 km bis zum 18. Breitengrad werden von Jung- wie Altstörchen im Mittel in 18–19 Tagen bewältigt. 2) Ganz- oder gar mehrtägige Rast wird nur ausnahmsweise eingeschoben und scheint eher durch äußere Umstände erzwungen als im endogenen Zugprogramm vorgegeben zu sein. 3) Körpermasse und Fettdeposition sind während des Wegzugs (und des Heimzugs) niedrig und erreichen Gipfelwerte im Mittwinter, die als Anpassung an unvorhersagbare Bedingungen im Winterquartier gedeutet werden. 4) Zugzeitliche Hyperphagie ist nicht erkennbar, vielmehr nehmen Störche während des Wegzugs Nahrung in Osteuropa wohl v. a. zur Deckung des Unterhaltsbedarfs auf, zum Mittelmeer hin mehr opportunistisch und in Israel so gut wie gar nicht. Dadurch und aus dem Vergleich von Körpermassen in Sachsen-Anhalt und Israel wird wahrscheinlich, dass Störche auf dem Wegzug an Masse verlieren, die dann erst in Afrika wieder aufgefüllt wird. Wir bezeichnen den Zugmodus des überwiegend im Gleitflug wandernden Weißstorchs als MSOM-Typ (von „Meist täglich wandernd“, „Selten ganze Rasttage einlegend“, „Opportunistisch Nahrung aufnehmend“ und „Maximal Mittelmäßige Fettdepots bildend“) und stellen ihm die Typen ILHB (für intermittierend ziehend) sowie NNHB (nonstop wandernd) gegenüber (s. Diskussion). Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit, v. a. über Fettdeposition und Brustmuskelzustand, beruhen ganz wesentlich auf der MR-Tomographie und MR-Spektroskopie, die hier in einer Lang-zeit-Pilotstudie an einer wild lebenden Vogelart zum Einsatz kam und sich als sehr nützlich und vielversprechend erwies (s. die nachfolgende Arbeit). |
| Starting Page | 73 |
| Ending Page | 92 |
| Page Count | 20 |
| File Format | |
| ISSN | 00218375 |
| Journal | Journal für Ornithologie |
| Volume Number | 142 |
| Issue Number | 1 |
| e-ISSN | 14390361 |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | Springer-Verlag |
| Publisher Date | 2001-01-01 |
| Publisher Place | Berlin, Heidelberg |
| Access Restriction | One Nation One Subscription (ONOS) |
| Subject Keyword | migration satellite tracking conservation Bonn Convention Animal Ecology Evolutionary Biology Zoology |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
| Subject | Animal Science and Zoology |
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