NDLI: Adenosine produced from adenine nucleotides through an interaction between apoptotic cells and engulfing macrophages contributes to the appearance of transglutaminase 2 in dying thymocytes

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Sándor, Katalin Pallai, Anna Duró, Edina Legendre, Pascal Couillin, Isabelle Sághy, Tibor Szondy, Zsuzsa
Copyright Year	2016
Abstract	Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) has been known for a long time to be associated with the in vivo apoptosis program of various cell types, including T cells. Though the expression of the enzyme is strongly induced in mouse thymocytes following apoptosis induction in vivo, no significant induction of TG2 can be detected, when thymocytes are induced to die by the same stimuli in vitro indicating that signals arriving from the tissue environment are required for the proper in vivo induction of the enzyme. Previous studies from our laboratory have demonstrated that two of these signals, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and retinoids, are produced by macrophages engulfing apoptotic cells. However, in addition to TGF-β and retinoids, engulfing macrophages produce adenosine as well. Here, we show that in vitro adenosine, adenosine, and retinoic acid or adenosine, TGF-β and retinoic acids together can significantly enhance the TG2 mRNA expression in dying thymocytes. The effect of adenosine is mediated via adenosine A2A receptors (A2ARs) and the A2AR-triggered adenylate cyclase signaling pathway. In accordance, loss of A2ARs in A2AR null mice significantly attenuates the in vivo induction of TG2 following apoptosis induction in the thymus indicating that adenosine indeed contributes in vivo to the apoptosis-related appearance of the enzyme. We also demonstrate that adenosine is produced extracellularly during engulfment of apoptotic thymocytes, partly from adenine nucleotides released via thymocyte pannexin-1 channels. Our data reveal a novel crosstalk between macrophages and apoptotic cells, in which apoptotic cell uptake-related adenosine production contributes to the appearance of TG2 in the dying thymocytes.
Starting Page	671
Ending Page	681
Page Count	11
File Format	PDF
ISSN	09394451
Journal	Amino Acids
Volume Number	49
Issue Number	3
e-ISSN	14382199
Language	English
Publisher	Springer Vienna
Publisher Date	2016-05-28
Publisher Place	Vienna
Access Restriction	Subscribed
Subject Keyword	Apoptosis Macrophages Phagocytosis Adenosine Transglutaminase 2 Biochemistry Analytical Chemistry Biochemical Engineering Life Sciences Proteomics Neurobiology
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Organic Chemistry Biochemistry Clinical Biochemistry

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