NDLI: Development of cycad ovules and seeds. 2. Histological and ultrastructural aspects of ontogeny of the embryo in Encephalartos natalensis (Zamiaceae)

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Woodenberg, Wynston Ray Berjak, Patricia Pammenter, N. W. Farrant, Jill M.
Copyright Year	2013
Abstract	Development of the embryo of Encephalartos natalensis from a rudimentary meristematic structure approximately 700 μm in length extends over 6 months after the seed is shed from the strobilus. Throughout its development, the embryo remains attached to a long suspensor. Differentiation of the shoot meristem flanked by two cotyledonary protuberances occurs over the first 2 months, during which peripheral tannin channels become apparent. Tannins, apparently elaborated by the endoplasmic reticulum, first accumulate in the large central vacuole and ultimately fill the channel. By the fourth month of development, the root meristem is apparent and procambial tissue forming discrete vascular bundles can be discerned in the elongating cotyledons. Between 4 and 6 months, mucilage ducts differentiate; after 6 months, when the seed becomes germinable, the embryo is characterised by cotyledons far longer than the axis. Shoot and root meristem cells remain ultrastructurally similar throughout embryo ontogeny, containing small vacuoles, many well-differentiated mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) profiles, abundant polysomes, plastids containing small starch deposits and Golgi bodies. Unusually, however, Golgi bodies are infrequent in other cells including those elaborating mucilage which is accumulated in distended ER and apparently secreted into the duct lumen directly by ER-derived vesicles. The non-meristematic cells accumulate massive starch deposits to the exclusion of any protein bodies and only very sparse lipid, features which are considered in terms of the prolonged period of embryo development and the high atmospheric oxygen content of the Carboniferous Period, when cycads are suggested to have originated.
Starting Page	797
Ending Page	816
Page Count	20
File Format	PDF
ISSN	0033183X
Journal	Protoplasma
Volume Number	251
Issue Number	4
e-ISSN	16156102
Language	English
Publisher	Springer Vienna
Publisher Date	2013-11-16
Publisher Place	Vienna
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Cycad Encephalartos natalensis Embryogenesis Histology Microscopy Recalcitrant seed Ultrastructure Cell Biology Plant Sciences Zoology
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Book Review
Subject	Cell Biology Plant Science Medicine

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