NDLI: Nonadditive impacts of temperature and basal resource availability on predator

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Costa, Zacharia J. Kishida, Osamu
Copyright Year	2015
Abstract	Predicting the impacts of climate change on communities requires understanding how temperature affects predator–prey interactions under different biotic conditions. In cases of size-specific predation, environmental influences on the growth rate of one or both species can determine predation rates. For example, warming increases top–down control of food webs, although this depends on resource availability for prey, as increased resources may allow prey to reach a size refuge. Moreover, because the magnitude of inducible defenses depends on predation rates and resource availability for prey, temperature and resource levels also affect phenotypic plasticity. To examine these issues, we manipulated the presence/absence of predatory Hynobius retardatus salamander larvae and herbivorous Rana pirica tadpoles at two temperatures and three basal resource levels. and measured their morphology, behavior, growth and survival. Prior work has shown that both species express antagonistic plasticity against one another in which salamanders enlarge their gape width and tadpoles increase their body width to reach a size-refuge. We found that increased temperatures increased predation rates, although this was counteracted by high basal resource availability, which further decreased salamander growth. Surprisingly, salamanders caused tadpoles to grow larger and express more extreme defensive phenotypes as resource levels decreased under warming, most likely due to their increased risk of predation. Thus, temperature and resources influenced defensive phenotype expression and its impacts on predator and prey growth by affecting their interaction strength. Our results indicate that basal resource levels can modify the impacts of increased temperatures on predator–prey interactions and its consequences for food webs.
Starting Page	1215
Ending Page	1225
Page Count	11
File Format	PDF
ISSN	00298549
Journal	Oecologia
Volume Number	178
Issue Number	4
e-ISSN	14321939
Language	English
Publisher	Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Publisher Date	2015-03-28
Publisher Place	Berlin, Heidelberg
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Bottom–up effects Climate change Food webs Phenotypic plasticity Top–down effects Ecology Plant Sciences Hydrology/Water Resources
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics

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