NDLI: One step closer to fixing association studies: evidence for age- and gender-specific allele frequency variations and deviations from Hardy-Weinberg expectations in controls

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Payami, Haydeh Zhu, Motao Montimurro, Jennifer Keefe, Robert McCulloch, Colin C. Moses, Lina
Copyright Year	2005
Abstract	Association studies are the most powerful method available for identifying modest gene effects in complex disorders, but they often produce inconsistent results. With the rapidly growing SNP databases, haplotype maps and high throughput genotyping, the use of association studies is expected to increase; therefore, it is critical and timely that the problems with study design are identified and fixed. We questioned if unrecognized allele and genotype frequency variations in controls could be responsible for some of the inconsistent association findings. We performed a population genetic study of apolipoprotein E (APOE) and cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) in 1,748 individuals ranging in age from newborns to centenarians. Although APOE and CYP2D6 are two of the most commonly used candidate genes, this is the first study to examine age- and gender-specific frequency distributions over the entire age spectrum, using a large, ethnically and geographically uniform population. We found significant, previously unrecognized variations in APOE allele frequencies, and deviations from Hardy-Weinberg expectations in CYP2D6 genotype frequencies starting at birth. The allele frequency variations within controls were larger than some reported case-control differences. We demonstrate that unrecognized frequency fluctuations in controls are a serious and potentially common confounder whose impact on association studies has not been appreciated, and one that can be addressed with proper study design. We recommend that population genetic studies be performed on commonly used candidate markers and that rigorous standards be applied for case-control matching.
Starting Page	322
Ending Page	330
Page Count	9
File Format	PDF
ISSN	03406717
Journal	Human Genetics
Volume Number	118
Issue Number	3-4
e-ISSN	14321203
Language	English
Publisher	Springer-Verlag
Publisher Date	2005-09-28
Publisher Place	Berlin, Heidelberg
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Metabolic Diseases Gene Function Molecular Medicine Human Genetics
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Genetics Genetics (clinical)

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1	Ministry of Education (GoI), Department of Higher Education	Sanctioning Authority	https://www.education.gov.in/ict-initiatives
2	Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur	Host Institute of the Project: The host institute of the project is responsible for providing infrastructure support and hosting the project	https://www.iitkgp.ac.in
3	National Digital Library of India Office, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur	The administrative and infrastructural headquarters of the project	Dr. B. Sutradhar bsutra@ndl.gov.in
4	Project PI / Joint PI	Principal Investigator and Joint Principal Investigators of the project	Dr. B. Sutradhar bsutra@ndl.gov.in Prof. Saswat Chakrabarti will be added soon
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