NDLI: Electrical stimulation for testing neuromuscular function: from sport to pathology

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Millet, Guillaume Y. Martin, Vincent Martin, Alain Vergès, Samuel
Copyright Year	2011
Abstract	The use of electrical stimulation (ES) can contribute to our knowledge of how our neuromuscular system can adapt to physical stress or unloading. Although it has been recently challenged, the standard technique used to explore central modifications is the twitch interpolated method which consists in superimposing single twitches or high-frequency doublets on a maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and to compare the superimposed response to the potentiated response obtained from the relaxed muscle. Alternative methods consist in (1) superimposing a train of stimuli (central activation ratio), (2) comparing the MVC response to the force evoked by a high-frequency tetanus or (3) examining the change in maximal EMG response during voluntary contractions, if this variable is normalized to the maximal M wave, i.e. EMG response to a single stimulus. ES is less used to examine supraspinal factors but it is useful for investigating changes at the spinal level, either by using H reflexes, F waves or cervicomedullary motor-evoked potentials. Peripheral changes can be examined with ES, usually by stimulating the muscle in the relaxed state. Neuromuscular propagation of action potentials on the sarcolemma (M wave, high-frequency fatigue), excitation–contraction coupling (e.g. low-frequency fatigue) and intrinsic force (high-frequency stimulation at supramaximal intensity) can all be used to non-invasively explore muscular function with ES. As for all indirect methods, there are limitations and these are discussed in this review. Finally, (1) ES as a method to measure respiratory muscle function and (2) the comparison between electrical and magnetic stimulation will also be considered.
Starting Page	2489
Ending Page	2500
Page Count	12
File Format	PDF
ISSN	14396319
Journal	European Journal of Applied Physiology
Volume Number	111
Issue Number	10
e-ISSN	14396327
Language	English
Publisher	Springer-Verlag
Publisher Date	2011-05-18
Publisher Place	Berlin/Heidelberg
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Evoked force M wave Voluntary activation Reflexes Magnetic stimulation Respiratory muscles Human Physiology Sports Medicine Occupational Medicine/Industrial Medicine
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Physiology (medical) Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health Sports Science

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