NDLI: Kinematic and electromyography analysis of submaximal differences running on a firm surface compared with soft, dry sand.

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Pinnington, Hugh C. Lloyd, David G. Besier, Thor F. Dawson, Brian
Copyright Year	2005
Abstract	Kinematic and electromyography (EMG) aspects of running on a firm surface and on soft, dry sand were studied to elucidate mechanisms contributing to the higher energy cost (EC) of sand running. Eight well-trained males (mean $$\dot V{\text{O}}_{2\max } $$ 64.3±8.6 ml·kg−1·min−1) performed barefoot running trials on a firm surface (wooden floor) and on a soft, dry sand surface (track dimensions 8.8 m×60 cm; depth 13 cm) at 8 and 11 km·h−1. Kinematic and EMG data were collected simultaneously using an integrated six-camera 50 Hz VICON motion analysis system, an AMTI force-plate and a 10-channel EMG system. Running at 8 km·h−1 on sand resulted in a greater (P<0.05) stance time (ts) compared with the firm surface. At 11 km·h−1, sand running resulted in a greater stance-to-stride ratio (P<0.005), a shorter stride length (SL) (P<0.05), and a greater cadence (P<0.001) compared with the firm surface values. Hip and knee flexion at initial foot contact (IFC), mid-support (MS) and flexion maximum were greater (P<0.001) running on sand compared with firm surface values at 8 and 11 km·h−1. Over duration of stride, Hamstring (semimembranosus and biceps femoris) EMG was greater running on sand compared with the firm surface at 8 (P<0.001) and 11 (P<0.05) km·h−1. During the stance phase in the 8-km·h−1 trials, EMG in the Hamstrings (P<0.001), Vastii (Vastus lateralis and Vastus Medialis) (P<0.02), Rectus femoris (Rec Fem) (P<0.01) and Tensor Fascia Latae (Tfl) (P<0.0001) were greater than the firm surface measures. During stance in the 11-km·h−1 trials, Tfl EMG was greater (P<0.02) running on sand compared with the firm surface. At IFC and MS, Hamstrings’ EMG was greater on sand at both running speeds (P<0.001). For the Vastii (P<0.02), Rec Fem (P<0.0001) and Tfl (P<0.0001) muscles, the EMG at MS running on sand at both speeds was greater than the firm surface values. The increased EC of running on sand can be attributed in part to the increased EMG activation associated with greater hip and knee range of motion compared with firm surface running.
Starting Page	242
Ending Page	253
Page Count	12
File Format	PDF
ISSN	14396319
Journal	European Journal of Applied Physiology
Volume Number	94
Issue Number	3
e-ISSN	14396327
Language	English
Publisher	Springer-Verlag
Publisher Date	2005-04-07
Publisher Place	Berlin/Heidelberg
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Running on sand Kinematics EMG
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Physiology (medical) Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health Sports Science

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