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  1. Journal of Comparative Physiology B
  2. Journal of Comparative Physiology B : Volume 176
  3. Journal of Comparative Physiology B : Volume 176, Issue 1, January 2006
  4. Insect chitin synthases: a review
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Journal of Comparative Physiology B : Volume 187
Journal of Comparative Physiology B : Volume 186
Journal of Comparative Physiology B : Volume 185
Journal of Comparative Physiology B : Volume 184
Journal of Comparative Physiology B : Volume 183
Journal of Comparative Physiology B : Volume 182
Journal of Comparative Physiology B : Volume 181
Journal of Comparative Physiology B : Volume 180
Journal of Comparative Physiology B : Volume 179
Journal of Comparative Physiology B : Volume 178
Journal of Comparative Physiology B : Volume 177
Journal of Comparative Physiology B : Volume 176
Journal of Comparative Physiology B : Volume 176, Issue 8, November 2006
Journal of Comparative Physiology B : Volume 176, Issue 7, September 2006
Journal of Comparative Physiology B : Volume 176, Issue 6, August 2006
Journal of Comparative Physiology B : Volume 176, Issue 5, June 2006
Journal of Comparative Physiology B : Volume 176, Issue 4, May 2006
Journal of Comparative Physiology B : Volume 176, Issue 3, March 2006
Journal of Comparative Physiology B : Volume 176, Issue 2, February 2006
Journal of Comparative Physiology B : Volume 176, Issue 1, January 2006
Insect chitin synthases: a review
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Journal of Comparative Physiology B : Volume 175
Journal of Comparative Physiology B : Volume 174
Journal of Comparative Physiology B : Volume 173
Journal of Comparative Physiology B : Volume 172
Journal of Comparative Physiology B : Volume 171
Journal of Comparative Physiology B : Volume 170
Journal of Comparative Physiology B : Volume 169
Journal of Comparative Physiology B : Volume 168
Journal of Comparative Physiology B : Volume 167

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Insect chitin synthases: a review

Content Provider Springer Nature Link
Author Merzendorfer, Hans
Copyright Year 2005
Abstract Chitin is the most widespread amino polysaccharide in nature. The annual global amount of chitin is believed to be only one order of magnitude less than that of cellulose. It is a linear polymer composed of N-acetylglucosamines that are joined in a reaction catalyzed by the membrane-integral enzyme chitin synthase, a member of the family 2 of glycosyltransferases. The polymerization requires UDP–N-acetylglucosamines as a substrate and divalent cations as co-factors. Chitin formation can be divided into three distinct steps. In the first step, the enzymes‘ catalytic domain facing the cytoplasmic site forms the polymer. The second step involves the translocation of the nascent polymer across the membrane and its release into the extracellular space. The third step completes the process as single polymers spontaneously assemble to form crystalline microfibrils. In subsequent reactions the microfibrils combine with other sugars, proteins, glycoproteins and proteoglycans to form fungal septa and cell walls as well as arthropod cuticles and peritrophic matrices, notably in crustaceans and insects. In spite of the good effort by a hardy few, our present knowledge of the structure, topology and catalytic mechanism of chitin synthases is rather limited. Gaps remain in understanding chitin synthase biosynthesis, enzyme trafficking, regulation of enzyme activity, translocation of chitin chains across cell membranes, fibrillogenesis and the interaction of microfibrils with other components of the extracellular matrix. However, cumulating genomic data on chitin synthase genes and new experimental approaches allow increasingly clearer views of chitin synthase function and its regulation, and consequently chitin biosynthesis. In the present review, I will summarize recent advances in elucidating the structure, regulation and function of insect chitin synthases as they relate to what is known about fungal chitin synthases and other glycosyltransferases.
Starting Page 1
Ending Page 15
Page Count 15
File Format PDF
ISSN 01741578
Journal Journal of Comparative Physiology B
Volume Number 176
Issue Number 1
e-ISSN 1432136X
Language English
Publisher Springer-Verlag
Publisher Date 2005-08-02
Publisher Place Berlin, Heidelberg
Access Restriction One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword Chitin Chitin synthesis Chitin synthase Cuticle Glycosyltransferase Insect Peritrophic matrix Manduca sexta Animal Physiology Zoology Human Physiology Biomedicine general Biochemistry
Content Type Text
Resource Type Article
Subject Physiology Biochemistry Animal Science and Zoology Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics Endocrinology
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