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| Content Provider | Springer Nature Link |
|---|---|
| Author | Nee, I. Müller, M. Buse, K. |
| Copyright Year | 2000 |
| Abstract | Holographic gratings are recorded and thermally fixed in iron-doped photorefractive lithium-niobate crystals. A spatially modulated concentration of filled and empty electron traps (Fe2+ and Fe3+) yields a modulated dark conductivity. As a consequence, dark diffusion currents and dark drift currents arise. Space–charge fields and electro-optic refractive-index changes build up. An additional refractive-index grating, which may originate from a modulated proton concentration, as well as a pronounced absorption grating arising from the modulated Fe2+ concentration are also observed. The dark development has practical advantages: thermally fixed holograms can be used in devices without the need to develop them freshly from time to time by illumination. Although with dark development diffraction efficiencies up to 50% are demonstrated, in general the efficiencies are smaller compared to those achieved by development with light. |
| Starting Page | 195 |
| Ending Page | 200 |
| Page Count | 6 |
| File Format | |
| ISSN | 09462171 |
| Journal | Applied Physics B |
| Volume Number | 72 |
| Issue Number | 2 |
| e-ISSN | 14320649 |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | Springer-Verlag |
| Publisher Date | 2001-01-01 |
| Publisher Place | Berlin, Heidelberg |
| Access Restriction | One Nation One Subscription (ONOS) |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
| Subject | Physics and Astronomy |
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