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| Content Provider | Springer Nature Link |
|---|---|
| Author | Rahim, Kashif Saleha, Shamim Zhu, Xudong Huo, Liang Basit, Abdul Franco, Octavio Luiz |
| Copyright Year | 2016 |
| Abstract | A wound is damage of a tissue usually caused by laceration of a membrane, generally the skin. Wound healing is accomplished in three stages in healthy individuals, including inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling stages. Healing of wounds normally starts from the inflammatory phase and ends up in the remodeling phase, but chronic wounds remain in an inflammatory stage and do not show progression due to some specific reasons. Chronic wounds are classified in different categories, such as diabetic foot ulcer (DFU), venous leg ulcers (VLU) and pressure ulcer (PU), surgical site infection (SSI), abscess, or trauma ulcers. Globally, the incidence rate of DFU is 1–4 % and prevalence rate is 5.3–10.5 %. However, colonization of pathogenic bacteria at the wound site is associated with wound chronicity. Most chronic wounds contain more than one bacterial species and produce a synergetic effect that results in previously non-virulent bacterial species becoming virulent and causing damage to the host. While investigating bacterial diversity in chronic wounds, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Peptoniphilus, Enterobacter, Stenotrophomonas, Finegoldia, and Serratia were found most frequently in chronic wounds. Recently, it has been observed that bacteria in chronic wounds develop biofilms that contribute to a delay in healing. In a mature biofilm, bacteria grow slowly due to deficiency of nutrients that results in the resistance of bacteria to antibiotics. The present review reflects the reasons why acute wounds become chronic. Interesting findings include the bacterial load, which forms biofilms and shows high-level resistance toward antibiotics, which is a threat to human health in general and particularly to some patients who have acute wounds. |
| Starting Page | 710 |
| Ending Page | 721 |
| Page Count | 12 |
| File Format | |
| ISSN | 00953628 |
| Journal | Microbial Ecology |
| Volume Number | 73 |
| Issue Number | 3 |
| e-ISSN | 1432184X |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | Springer US |
| Publisher Date | 2016-10-14 |
| Publisher Place | New York |
| Access Restriction | Subscribed |
| Subject Keyword | Wound Chronic wounds Biofilms Resistance Antibiotics Microbiology Ecology Microbial Ecology Geoecology/Natural Processes Nature Conservation Water Quality/Water Pollution |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
| Subject | Soil Science Ecology Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics |
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