NDLI: DDT, DDE and DDD in Human Milk from South Africa

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Okonkwo, Jonathan Okechukwu Mutshatshi, Tshinanne N. Botha, Ben Agyei, Nana
Copyright Year	2008
Abstract	Human breast milk samples (n = 30) were collected from mothers within the age range of 19–40 years from Thohoyandou area, South Africa. DDT and its metabolites were extracted from the milk samples using diethyl ether. The crude extracts were subjected to column chromatography. The eluates were then evaporated on a stream of nitrogen up to 0.5 mL. One microliter of the cleaned extracts were injected into GC-ECD for selected organochlorine compounds. The sum total of DDT and its metabolites from each village ranged from not detectable for DMS, GNN and THN to 1,930 ng g−1 fat wt for BDL while ΣDDE ranged from 1.32 ng g−1 fat wt for GNN to 2,570 ng g−1 fat wt for TKD. ΣDDD ranged from not detectable for GNN to 4,060 ng g−1 fat wt for MNN. ΣDDE was the most predominant followed by ΣDDD and finally ΣDDT. This was an indication of breakdown of the parent compound, DDT. Some villages namely, Lufule and Budeli, and Maniini and Makhuvha exhibited similar DDT occurrence of 89% in their areas. Other villages, DMS, TLM, and MND and TKD showed a similarity percentage of 82% while others showed similarities of 75% for GNN and MTT, 69% and 65% for MPG and THN respectively. A significant cluster of DDT and its metabolites between the infants’ weight range of 2.5–3.9 kg/body wt was observed. Increase in lipid content was followed by a decrease in the sum DDT in the older mothers (27–30). The estimated daily intake varied from 260 to 4,696 ng/g, nd-10,551 ng/g and nd-4,237 ng/g for DDE, DDD and DDT respectively. These values are significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the FAO/WHO acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 20 ng/g. The ΣDDT was found to decrease with increasing age of the mothers. The observed high levels of DDE compared to DDT indicated chronic exposure of the mothers to DDT, which is metabolised to DDE and retained in the body.
Starting Page	348
Ending Page	354
Page Count	7
File Format	PDF
ISSN	00074861
Journal	Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
Volume Number	81
Issue Number	4
e-ISSN	14320800
Language	English
Publisher	Springer-Verlag
Publisher Date	2008-07-29
Publisher Place	New York
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	DDT DDE DDD Human milk South Africa Waste Water Technology / Water Pollution Control / Water Management / Aquatic Pollution Environmental Chemistry Soil Science & Conservation Ecotoxicology Environmental Health Pollution
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis Pollution Medicine Toxicology

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1	Ministry of Education (GoI), Department of Higher Education	Sanctioning Authority	https://www.education.gov.in/ict-initiatives
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3	National Digital Library of India Office, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur	The administrative and infrastructural headquarters of the project	Dr. B. Sutradhar bsutra@ndl.gov.in
4	Project PI / Joint PI	Principal Investigator and Joint Principal Investigators of the project	Dr. B. Sutradhar bsutra@ndl.gov.in Prof. Saswat Chakrabarti will be added soon
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