NDLI: Heat-based hyporheic flux calculations in heterogeneous salmon spawning gravels

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Birkel, Christian Soulsby, Chris Irvine, Dylan J. Malcolm, Iain Lautz, Laura K. Tetzlaff, Doerthe
Copyright Year	2015
Abstract	Groundwater-surface water interactions in rivers are a critically important factor for fish spawning, as streamwater downwelling or upwelling of low-oxygen groundwater can affect egg survival. Assessing such dynamics at the reach scale using distributed temperature measurements as a tracer proved reliable in determining flux rates and directions in the hyporheic zone in a number of studies. Here, we report heat-based vertical flux rates from a heterogeneous gravel-bed stream reach used by spawning Atlantic salmon in the Scottish Highlands. Results showed mostly small downwelling fluxes (~0.3 m d−1), which were largely independent of discharge. Contrasting, and at times unusual flux-depth profiles (e.g., increasing flux with depth) were detected, consistent with the heterogeneous streambed material causing diverse hyporheic flow paths. This was tested in a numerical 2-D model setup attempting to reproduce such behavior with variable random hydraulic conductivity (K) fields. The 2-D model clearly demonstrated that strong deviations from the expected decrease of fluxes with depth can be explained by high heterogeneity coupled with relatively low K fields. This showed that using simple 1-D heat-based flux estimates in combination with 2-D models is a useful approach to testing hypotheses about the influence of variable streambed materials on groundwater–surface water exchange in an ecological context.
Starting Page	203
Ending Page	213
Page Count	11
File Format	PDF
ISSN	10151621
Journal	Aquatic Sciences
Volume Number	78
Issue Number	2
e-ISSN	14209055
Language	English
Publisher	Springer International Publishing
Publisher Date	2015-08-19
Publisher Place	Cham
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Hyporheic zone Heat tracer Ground water-surface water interaction VFLUX Numerical 2-D model Freshwater & Marine Ecology Marine & Freshwater Sciences Oceanography Ecology Life Sciences
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Ecology Aquatic Science Water Science and Technology Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics

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