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Nurse staffing levels, missed vital signs observations and mortality in hospital wards: retrospective longitudinal observational study
| Content Provider | Semantic Scholar |
|---|---|
| Author | Griffiths, Peter Ball, Jane Bloor, Karen Boehning, Dankmar Briggs, Jim Dall'Ora, Chiara Iongh, Anya De Jones, Jeremy Kovacs, Caroline Maruotti, Antonello Meredith, Paul Recio-Saucedo, Alejandra Prytherch, David Redfern, Oliver C. Schmidt, Paul E. Sinden, Nicky Smith, Gary B. |
| Copyright Year | 2018 |
| Abstract | Nurse staffing levels, missed vital signs and mortality in hospitals: retrospective longitudinal observational study Peter Griffiths,1,2* Jane Ball,1,2 Karen Bloor,3 Dankmar Böhning,4 Jim Briggs,5 Chiara Dall’Ora,1,2 Anya De Iongh,6 Jeremy Jones,1 Caroline Kovacs,5 Antonello Maruotti,1 Paul Meredith,2,7 David Prytherch,2,5,7 Alejandra Recio Saucedo,1,2 Oliver Redfern,5 Paul Schmidt,2,7 Nicola Sinden7 and Gary Smith8 1Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK 2National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care Wessex, Southampton, UK 3Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK 4Mathematical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK 5Centre for Healthcare Modelling and Informatics, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth UK 6Independent lay researcher c/o National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care, Southampton, UK 7Clinical Outcomes Research Group, Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, UK 8Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK *Corresponding author Peter.griffiths@soton.ac.uk Background: Low nurse staffing levels are associated with adverse patient outcomes from hospital care, but the causal relationship is unclear. Limited capacity to observe patients has been hypothesised as a causal mechanism. Objectives: This study determines whether or not adverse outcomes are more likely to occur after patients experience low nurse staffing levels, and whether or not missed vital signs observations mediate any relationship. Design: Retrospective longitudinal observational study. Multilevel/hierarchical mixed-effects regression models were used to explore the association between registered nurse (RN) and health-care assistant (HCA) staffing levels and outcomes, controlling for ward and patient factors. Setting and participants: A total of 138,133 admissions to 32 general adult wards of an acute hospital from 2012 to 2015. Main outcomes: Death in hospital, adverse event (death, cardiac arrest or unplanned intensive care unit admission), length of stay and missed vital signs observations. Data sources: Patient administration system, cardiac arrest database, eRoster, temporary staff bookings and the Vitalpac system (System C Healthcare Ltd, Maidstone, Kent; formerly The Learning Clinic Limited) for observations. DOI: 10.3310/hsdr06380 HEALTH SERVICES AND DELIVERY RESEARCH 2018 VOL. 6 NO. 38 © Queen’s Printer and Controller of HMSO 2018. This work was produced by Griffiths et al. under the terms of a commissioning contract issued by the Secretary of State for Health and Social Care. This issue may be freely reproduced for the purposes of private research and study and extracts (or indeed, the full report) may be included in professional journals provided that suitable acknowledgement is made and the reproduction is not associated with any form of advertising. Applications for commercial reproduction should be addressed to: NIHR Journals Library, National Institute for Health Research, Evaluation, Trials and Studies Coordinating Centre, Alpha House, University of Southampton Science Park, Southampton SO16 7NS, UK. vii Results: Over the first 5 days of stay, each additional hour of RN care was associated with a 3% reduction in the hazard of death [hazard ratio (HR) 0.97, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.94 to 1.0]. Days on which the HCA staffing level fell below the mean were associated with an increased hazard of death (HR 1.04, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.07), but the hazard of death increased as cumulative staffing exposures varied from the mean in either direction. Higher levels of temporary staffing were associated with increased mortality. Adverse events and length of stay were reduced with higher RN staffing. Overall, 16% of observations were missed. Higher RN staffing was associated with fewer missed observations in high-acuity patients (incidence rate ratio 0.98, 95% CI 0.97 to 0.99), whereas the overall rate of missed observations was related to overall care hours (RN + HCA) but not to skill mix. The relationship between low RN staffing and mortality was mediated by missed observations, but other relationships between staffing and mortality were not. Changing average skill mix and staffing levels to the levels planned by the Trust, involving an increase of 0.32 RN hours per patient day (HPPD) and a similar decrease in HCA HPPD, would be associated with reduced mortality, an increase in staffing costs of £28 per patient and a saving of £0.52 per patient per hospital stay, after accounting for the value of reduced stays. Limitations: This was an observational study in a single site. Evidence of cause is not definitive. Variation in staffing could be influenced by variation in the assessed need for staff. Our economic analysis did not consider quality or length of life. Conclusions: Higher RN staffing levels are associated with lower mortality, and this study provides evidence of a causal mechanism. There may be several causal pathways and the absolute rate of missed observations cannot be used to guide staffing decisions. Increases in nursing skill mix may be cost-effective for improving patient safety. Future work: More evidence is required to validate approaches to setting staffing levels. Other aspects of missed nursing care should be explored using objective data. The implications of findings about both costs and temporary staffing need further exploration. Trial registration: This study is registered as ISRCTN17930973. Funding: This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Services and Delivery Research programme and will be published in full in Health Services and Delivery Research; Vol. 6, No. 38. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information. ABSTRACT NIHR Journals Library www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk viii |
| Starting Page | 1 |
| Ending Page | 120 |
| Page Count | 120 |
| File Format | PDF HTM / HTML |
| DOI | 10.3310/hsdr06380 |
| Volume Number | 6 |
| Alternate Webpage(s) | https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/files/12436730/3021655.pdf |
| Alternate Webpage(s) | https://www.hsj.co.uk/download?ac=3039616 |
| Alternate Webpage(s) | https://doi.org/10.3310/hsdr06380 |
| Language | English |
| Access Restriction | Open |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
