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Differential diagnoses of macrocytic anemia, reticulocytosis and low serum haptoglobin in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes/acute leukemia: comment on "two cases of acute erythroid leukemia presenting with marked macrocytic anemia, reticulocytosis and hemolysis".
| Content Provider | Semantic Scholar |
|---|---|
| Author | Oo, Thein Hlaing |
| Copyright Year | 2014 |
| Abstract | To the Editor I read with particular interest the manuscript by Ota et al. (1). The authors stated that both patients presented with marked macrocytic anemia, reticulocytosis and hemolysis. However, they did not describe the detailed red blood cell (RBC) morphology. The published blood smear does not reveal the RBC morphology, and there are many overlapping RBCs (1). I would like to comment that there are many things to consider in both cases. (A) Although rare, pseudoreticulocytosis is a wellrecognized phenomenon in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), a harbinger of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In this situation, the reticulocytosis is a consequence of the delayed maturation of reticulocytes, as evidenced by in vitro reticulocyte survival studies (2). Do the patients have true reticulocytosis or pseudoreticulocytosis? (B) A low serum haptoglobin level may be due to (i) intravascular hemolysis, (ii) extravascular hemolysis or (iii) ineffective erythropoiesis. MDS and AML are bone marrow failure syndromes and involve some degree of ineffective erythropoiesis; it is not rare to observe this phenomenon (3). In patient 1, the question arises, “Is the low serum haptoglobin level due to intravascular hemolysis, extravascular hemolysis or ineffective erythropoiesis?” (C) While I agree that autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) may be a sequela of AML (4), direct antiglobulin tests (DATs) are not 100% sensitive in diagnosing AIHA. Approximately 1% of cases of autoimmune hemolytic anemia are DAT-negative for the following reasons: (i) RBCs are coated with small numbers of IgG molecules below the level of detection of standard DATs, (ii) IgA and IgM autoantibodies are not detected by standard DATs, (iii) lowaffinity IgG antibodies are eluted from RBCs during routine washing of the RBCs before the detection phase on standard DATs. In this situation, the more sensitive “superCoombs” test may be used to establish an AIHA diagnosis (5). (D) A careful review of the peripheral blood smear almost always reaches the correct diagnosis of hemolytic anemia, which may be releated to MDS/AML. For examples, the following conditions may be detected: (i) spheroschistocytosis in patients with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia that may be due to AML-associated disseminated intravascular coagulation, (ii) microspherocytes in patients with warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia and, (iii) echinocytes in patients with acquired pyruvate kinase deficiency. In conclusion, the authors could have done a better job of describing both patients in detail so that the readers would understand the exact pathological processes. Carefully reviewing the blood smears and performing appropriate investigations will make it possible to reach an accurate diagnosis. Clinicians should keep in mind that pseudoreticulocytosis is a recognized finding in MDS/AML patients. |
| Starting Page | 77 |
| Ending Page | 77 |
| Page Count | 1 |
| File Format | PDF HTM / HTML |
| Alternate Webpage(s) | https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/internalmedicine/53/1/53_53.1394/_pdf |
| PubMed reference number | 24390535v1 |
| Volume Number | 53 |
| Issue Number | 1 |
| Journal | Internal medicine |
| Language | English |
| Access Restriction | Open |
| Subject Keyword | Acute Erythroblastic Leukemia Acute leukemia Anemia, Hemolytic Anemia, Macrocytic Autoimmune hemolytic anemia Blood Cells Blood Smear Bone Marrow Crenated Cell Measurement Deficiency of pyruvate kinase Differential Diagnosis Direct Coombs test Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Erythrocytes Erythropoiesis Haptoglobins Hemolysis (disorder) Immunoglobulin A Intravascular hemolysis Leukemia, Myelocytic, Acute MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME Manuscripts Myeloid Leukemia Pancytopenia Pathologic Processes Patients Pyruvates Red Blood Cell Count measurement Reticulocyte count (procedure) Reticulocytes Review [Publication Type] Scientific Publication Sequela of disorder Smear - instruction imperative Wash (cleansing action) dopamine transporter microspherocyte ochratoxin A pediatric acute myeloblastic leukemia |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
