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Relationships between snowfall density and solid hydrometeors , based on measured size and fall speed , for snowpack modeling applications
| Content Provider | Semantic Scholar |
|---|---|
| Author | Ishizaka, Masaaki Motoyoshi, Hiroki Yamaguchi, Satoru Nakai, Sento Shiina, Toru Muramoto, Ken-Ichiro |
| Copyright Year | 2016 |
| Abstract | The initial density of deposited snow is mainly controlled by snowfall hydrometeors. The relationship between snowfall density and hydrometeors has been qualitatively examined by previous researchers, however, a quantitative 15 relationship has not yet been established due to difficulty in parameterising the hydrometeor characteristics of a snowfall event. Thus, in an earlier study, we developed a new variable, Centre of Mass Flux distribution (CMF), which we used to describe the main hydrometeors contributing to a snowfall event. The CMF is based on average size and fall speed weighted by the mass flux estimated from all measured hydrometeors in a snowfall event. It provides a quantitative representation of the predominant hydrometeor characteristics of the event. In this study, we examine the relationships between the density of 20 newly fallen snow and predominant snow type as indicated by the CMFs. We measured snowfall density, simultaneously observed the size and fall speed of snowfall hydrometeors, and deduced the predominant hydrometeor characteristics of each snowfall event from their CMFs. Snow density measurements were carried out for short periods, 1 or 2 h, during which the densification of the deposited snow was negligible. Also, we grouped snowfall events based on similar hydrometeor characteristics. As a result, we were able to obtain not only the qualitative relationships between the main types of snow and 25 snowfall density as reported by previous researchers, but also quantitative relationships between snowfall density and the CMF-density introduced here. CMF-density is defined as the ratio between mass and volume assuming the diameter of a sphere equal to the CMF size component. This quantitative relationship provides a means for more precise estimation of snowfall density based on snow type (hydrometeor characteristics), by using hydrometeor size and fall speed data to derive initial densities for numerical snowpack models, and the snow-to-liquid ratio for winter weather forecasting. In fact, we 30 found that the method can more accurately estimate snowfall density compared with using meteorological elements, which is the method generally used in current snowpack models, even though some issues remain in parameterisation for practical use. Transferability of the method developed in the temperate climate zone, where riming and aggregation are predominant, to |
| File Format | PDF HTM / HTML |
| Alternate Webpage(s) | https://www.the-cryosphere-discuss.net/tc-2016-68/tc-2016-68-ED1.pdf |
| Alternate Webpage(s) | https://www.the-cryosphere.net/10/2831/2016/tc-10-2831-2016.pdf |
| Alternate Webpage(s) | https://www.the-cryosphere-discuss.net/tc-2016-68/tc-2016-68-AR2.pdf |
| Alternate Webpage(s) | https://www.the-cryosphere-discuss.net/tc-2016-68/tc-2016-68-manuscript-version4.pdf |
| Alternate Webpage(s) | https://www.the-cryosphere.net/10/2831/2016/tc-10-2831-2016-supplement.pdf |
| Language | English |
| Access Restriction | Open |
| Subject Keyword | Diameter (qualifier value) Köppen climate classification List of content management frameworks Numerical analysis Projections and Predictions Snow cyclophosphamide/fluorouracil/methotrexate protocol density |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
