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Essential Leaf Oils from Melaleuca Cajuputi
| Content Provider | Semantic Scholar |
|---|---|
| Author | Kim, Jung Hwan Yoon, Young-Sil Sornnuwat, Yupaporn Kitirattrakarn, T. Anantachoke, Choojit |
| Copyright Year | 2005 |
| Abstract | Hydrodistillation of cajuput (Melaleuca cajuputi) leaves collected from 6 sites in Narathiwat gave different yields of cajuput oils. The maximum oil yield (0.97%) was obtained from leaves from Ban Koke Kuwae, Thambon Kosit, and Amphur Tak Bai. The oil yields from leaf samples of other sites were 0.84% from Ban Pha Ye and Thambon Sungai Padi in Amphur Sungai Padi; 0.76% from Ban Lubosama, and Thambon Pasemat, in Amphur Sungai Kolok; 0.70% from Ban Tha Se, and Thambon Kosit, in Amphur Tak Bai; 0.66% from Ban Mai, and Thambon Sungai Padi, in Amphur Sungai Padi; and 0.56% from Ban Toh Daeng, and Thambon Phuyoh, in Amphur Sungai Kolok. Cajuput oil densities from the 2 sites of Amphur Sungai Kolok and from Ban Mai, Thambon Sungai Padi, Amphur Sungai Padi were almost the same, but higher than others. Although major components were not different, the minor components varied in terms of both structure and proportion. The major compositions of both cajuput oils from Ban Toh Daeng, Thambon Phuyoh, and Amphur Sungai Kolok consisted of 49.22% monoterpenes and 46.45% sesquiterpenes, and the rest were hydrocarbons and a diterpene. Other cajuput oils obtained composed mainly of monoterpenes (more than 62%), sesquiterpenes, hydrocarbons and some unknown compounds respectively. There was no diterpene present in these oils. Since cajuput oil was locally used as insecticide, termicidal activities of all oils were also investigated. INTRODUCTION Although there are many species and subspecies of Cajuput (Melaleuca sp.; Myrtaceae, the Eucalyptus family), there is only one species, M. cajuputi Powell, in Thailand (C. Niyomdham, pers. commun., 1992). The plant is distributed in the South and East of Thailand. It has been well established that M. cajuputi is the source of cajuput oil. The principal production of this oil is in Indonesia and Vietnam. Although this plant species has also widely spread in Thailand, all of the oil used in local pharmaceutical industry is imported. Chemical studies of the volatile leaf oil of M. cajuputi in Thailand revealed low yield of the important component, 1,8-cineole (Rativanich et al., 1992; Pensook, 1995). Since the market demand and the oil price depended on the content of 1,8-cineole, there seemed no promise for commercial production of cajuput oil in Thailand. Some reports indicated geographic variation of chemical composition of the volatile leaf oil of this species and within the same subspecies (Brophy et al., 1989; Oyen and Dung, 1999). Therefore, a study on chemical diversity of the M. cajuputi leaf oils from different sites was carried out. MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials Fresh leaves of M. cajuputi were collected from 6 sites of peat swamp forest in Narathiwat Province, in April 2001 (Ban Lubosama, Thambon Pasemat, Amphur Sungai Kolok; Ban Toh Deang, Thambon Puyoh, Amphur Sungai-Kolok; Ban Mai, Thambon Sungai Padi, Amphur Sungai Padi; Ban Pha Ye, Thambon Sungai Padi, Amphur SungaiProc. WOCMAP III, Vol.6: Traditional Medicine & Nutraceuticals Eds. U.R. Palaniswamy, L.E. Craker and Z.E. Gardner Acta Hort. 680, ISHS 2005 66 Padi; Ban Tha Se, Thambon Kosit, Amphur Tak Bai; Ban Koke Kuwae, Thambon Kosit, Amphur Tak Bai). Voucher specimens were deposited at Forest Product Chemistry Research and Development Laboratory, Royal Forest Department, Bangkok, Thailand for positive identification. Methods 1. Distillation of the Volatile Oils. Fresh leaves were hydro-distilled for 8 h using a modified Dean and Stark apparatus. 2. Determination of Physical Properties. Oil densities were determined (25°C) by a pycnometer and refractive indexes measured (20°C) with a refractometer (Atago, USA, Inc). 3. Chemical Analyses of the Oil Components. Chemical analyses of the volatile oils were done on a gas chromatograph (Shimadzu GC-17A) interfaced with a mass spectrometer (Shimadzu QC-5000 MSD). The GC was equipped with DB-5/MS column (30 m long, 0.25 mm internal diameter, and film coating thickness 0.25 μm). Oven temperature was programmed for an initial hold of 50°C for 3 min and an increase of 5°C/min until 250°C. The injector and detector temperatures were 250°C. Helium was used as carrier gas at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The volatile oils were prepared as 1% solutions in hexane with injection volume of 1 μL. Mass spectra were recorded at an ionization energy of 70 eV in EI mode. Mass scan ranged from 30-400. The chemical compositions of the oils were identified by comparing the retention times and mass spectra with those of published data. 4. Bioassays for Termiticidal Activity. No choice feeding bioassay as described by Pearce (1999) was used in this experiment. The destructive subterranean termites, Coptotermes gestroi Wasmann were separated from laboratory colony. Fifty sound workers and five soldiers of test termites were introduced in each petri-dish (50 mm diameter, 15 mm height) containing treated filter paper moistened with distilled water (0.15 mL), then kept in the dark at room temperature (28-30°C) for 7 d. Treated filter paper (Whatman No.2, 47 mm diameter) was prepared in 2 sets. The first set was each impregnated with 2 mL 10% leaf oil solution in acetone and the second was each impregnated with 1 mL 5% oil solution in the same solvent. The filter paper was left to air-dry before placing in each petri-dish. Distilled water and acetone were used instead of oil solution in controls. Four replications were prepared for each test experiment. Termite behavior and number of survival termites were recorded everyday. The dead termites were removed everyday. Termicidal activity potential of the oil was evaluated based on percent real mortality as described by Finney (1977). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Chemical Studies of the Oils Oil yields were lower than 1.0% on the basis of oven-dried leaf weights. All were pale green, turning yellow on storage. Densities ranged from 0.8806 to 0.9259 g/mL at and refractive indices ranged from 1.5000-1.5129 (Table 1). Chemical compositions of the oils from leaves collected in 2 sites of Amphur Sungai Kolok were different from those of Amphur Sungai Padi and Tak Bai. They contained less monoterpenes, but higher sesquiterpenes, compared to others. Besides, they both consisted of diterpenes while the others were not. Both these oils were slightly different from each other. Major components of the oil from Ban Lubosama, Thambon Pasemat were geranyl acetone (25.00%), terpinolene (7.92%), (E)-β-farnescene (7.58%), β-elemene (6.57%) and γ-terpinene (6.25%) respectively whereas the oil from Ban Toh Deang, Thambon Puyoh contained geranyl acetone (27.35%), β-elemene (14.01%), (E)-βfarnescene (7.44%) and farnesol acetone (5.84%) respectively. There were other hydrocarbons but no unknown compounds identified in both oils. However, the oil composition of leaves from Ban Lubosama, Thambon Pasemat was more complex than the other. |
| Starting Page | 65 |
| Ending Page | 72 |
| Page Count | 8 |
| File Format | PDF HTM / HTML |
| DOI | 10.17660/ActaHortic.2005.680.8 |
| Alternate Webpage(s) | https://wwwlib.teiep.gr/images/stories/acta/Acta%20680/680_8.pdf |
| Alternate Webpage(s) | https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2005.680.8 |
| Language | English |
| Access Restriction | Open |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
