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Response Surface Optimization Of Rice Straw Treatment With Oxalic Acid For Production Of Xylose , Cellulose And Lignin
| Content Provider | Semantic Scholar |
|---|---|
| Author | Sinha, Akhouri Sanjay Kumar Dhanraj, Rashi R. |
| Copyright Year | 2017 |
| Abstract | Rice straw is one of the abundant agriculture residues in India. Rice straw consists of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Oxalic acid helps to remove hemicellulose from rice straw and does not affect lignin and cellulose. .Oxalic acid is dicarboxylic acid with two pKa, produces less toxic compounds than other strong acid pretreatments such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid. Response Surface Methodology was applied to optimize oxalic acid treatment of rice straw using 2 full factorial method. Gravimetric analysis was done for determining klason lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose in pretreated rice straw. Phenol sulphuric method was used to determine xylose. Predicted value of xylose, lignin, holocellulose and cellulose is 1.91 mg/g, 0.272 g/g, 0.759 g/g and 0.555 g/g experiment done at those conditions give actual value of 1.8 mg/g xylose, 0.27 g/g of lignin and 0.76 g/g of holocellulose and 0.52 g/g of cellulose. INTRODUCTION Rice is the staple food in most parts of India and contributes more than 40 percent of total food grain production in India. Annual production of rice in India was around was 135 million metric tons in 2013 (FAO). Rice straw is the vegetative part of rice plant which is considered as waste after harvesting the rice grain. After wheat and 164 Dr. Akhouri Sanjay Kumar Sinha and Rashi R Dhanraj corn, rice is believed to be the third most important grain crop in the world. Global rice production in 2014 was estimated to be 744.4 million tons (FAO). In 2013 the annual production of rice was 135 million metric tons in India (FAO). The quality of rice varies from one region to other, as the quality depends on rainfall, quality of soil and local climate. Numbers of researchers are working on using agricultural residue for pulp and paper production to reduce the burden on wood sources, this will also help to generate revenue. Apart from this cellulose obtained form it can be utilized for producing ethanol. Rice straw is seen as potential source for producing furfural. Hemicellulose from rice straw mostly consists of xylose which on dehydration using sulfuric acid gives furfural (Jönsson et al., 2016.). LITERATURE REVIEW Response surface methodology was developed by G. E. P. Box and K. B. Wilson in 1951. This term was coined from the graphical view generated after fitness of the mathematical model. RSM consists of a group of mathematical and statistical techniques to build empirical model. Response surface methodology has been employed to optimization of pretreatment conditions (Moniz et al., 2015,Kim et al., 2011, Kim et al., 2007). Response surface optimization of oxalic acid pretreatment of yellow poplar was studied based on 2full factorial for production of glucose and xylose. Xylose and glucose are converted to ethanol by fermentation, however during pretreatment inhibitors such as furfural levulinic acid are formed at extreme condition (Jeffries et al., 2011). RSM helps to find the right conditions for pretreatment. Researchers have optimized organosolv process to improve the fractionation of lignin and hemicellulose from rice straw (Moniz et al., 2015). Study on rice straw pretreatment using aqueous-ammonia solution has been done at moderate temperatures to produce fermentable sugars from enzymatic hydrolysis. The effects of pretreatment temperature, time, the concentration of ammonia and the solid-to-liquid ratio on the degree of lignin removal have been optimized using response surface methodology. The optimal reaction conditions provided enzymatic digestibility of 71.1%, were found to be 69 °C, 10 h and an ammonia concentration of 21% (w/w) (Ko et al,. 2009). The experimental statistical design was based on Doehlert distribution for two factors. Dutta et al (2014) studied the modeling and optimization of bi-directional delignification of rice straw for production of bio-fuel feedstock using central composite design approach. Rice straw bio-pulping process has been studied for separating the cellulosic fibers suitable for paper and paper board manufacturing (Sinha 2011). Rice straw fibers has been studied for manufacturing of laminate base paper using pulverized coal fly ash as filler (Sinha et al,. 2010, Sinha et al,. 2011). Response Surface Optimization Of Rice Straw Treatment With Oxalic Acid... 165 A research work on suitability of rice straw and soda–anthraquinone pulping process has been done. It used a central composite factorial design to study the effect of temperature (155–185 °C), cooking time (30–90 min), soda concentration (10–20%), anthraquinone concentration (0–1%) and liquid/solid ratio (6–8). It showed that nearly one half of the raw material can be efficiently converted into cellulose pulp and paper sheets (Rodriguez et al,. 2000, 2010) . Researchers have done a large number of studies on biomass pretreatment processes to break the structural framework and depolymerize lignin. This is focused for the production of bio-fuels and other value added products. The emphasis is given on processes that provide maximum amount of sugars, which are subsequently used for the production of bio-fuels (Chaturvedi et al., 2013). Over the years, many processes for chemical conversion of lignin and hemicelluloses have been developed by the pulp and paper industry and some of these can be applied for bio-products manufacturing. It was concluded that peroxyacid chemistry for phenol and ring-opened products looks most interesting. Pre-extraction of hemicelluloses from woody biomass is important for hemicellulose products. Thus pre-extraction of hemicelluloses can be integrated into most biomass-to-biofuel conversion processes (Zhang et al., 2011). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rice straw was procured from Sangrur district of Punjab .It was washed with water to remove dirt and impurity. After washing it water 2-3 times, rice straw was dried in sunlight. Rice straw is cut in small pieces about 1-2 inches in size. After which chemical analysis was done. The entire test was as carried in triplets. Chemical analysis of rice straw is done using methods suggested by Tappi and NREL. Methods used for characterization of rice straw are: lignin (Tappi T-222), α-cellulose (Tappi T203 0S-61), ethanol-benzene extractable (Tappi T-204) and ash (Tappi T-211) and holocellulose were determined with the method Browning (1967). Experiment: Oxalic acid is a dicarboxylic acid which has been used here for pretreatment, as it is selective for hemicellulose and mild compared to sulphuric acid. Rice straw containing 18.97% lignin, 30.025% cellulose and 24.865 hemicellulose was used in the process .Rice straw was cut in 2 inch then 15 g of it was put in digester .75 ml Oxalic acid of different concentration from 0.3% to 1.5% were added and they were mixed properly. After this heat is added and this cooking of rice straw is considered as the actual reaction time and heat supply is stopped. Filter the cooked material and keep filtrate in a beaker and put the solid residue in digester. Hot water about 150ml is added to the digester to remove the sugar properly and heated at 110 o C for 10 min it is then filter and filtrate is added to the first filtrate . Then again hot water is added so that residue sugar could be removed is added to solid residue and it 166 Dr. Akhouri Sanjay Kumar Sinha and Rashi R Dhanraj is heated at 70 o C for 20 min and filtered. The time of cooking the rice straw as well as temperature has been varied. Oxalic acid hydrolyzes xylan present in hemicellulose of rice straw into pentose and hexose. Response surface methodology (RSM) The experiment performed showed how xylose is separated from rice straw when pretreated with oxalic acid. The xylose present in hydrolysate is separated by filtration and the solid residue is dried in oven. Using phenol-sulphuric method is for determination of xylose and Jayme wise method. To determine optimum conditions for the production of xylose, cellulose and lignin Statistical approach was applied. In order to get maximum furfural from rice straw optimum xylose has to be extracted from it.RSM was used to determine the optimum condition for xylose, lignin and cellulose .Stat Ease Inc design expert version 10 has been used for optimization of xylose, lignin and cellulose. Central Composite design was opted to investigate the factors affecting composition rice straw and hydrolysate after pretreatment. The factors affecting statistical analysis are oxalic acid concentration, temperature and reaction time that were determined from fundamental experiments. Fundamental experiments were performed to determine the range of each of these factors to use in statistical model. There are six central points, six axial points and 2factorial points thus the total number of runs is 20. The pretreatment conditions range for concentration (A) is 6-12 % oxalic acid, Temperature (B) is 80-100 C and time (C) is 5-40. Table1: Optimization of Oxalic acid treatment conditions Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Response 1 Response 2 Response 3 Response 4 Std Run A:oxalic acid conc. B:temperature C:time xylose Klason lignin holocellulose cellulose (g/l) (C ) (minute) (mg/g) (g/g) (g/g) (g/g) 1 12 6 80 10 1.1455 0.219 0.813 0.4205 2 4 12 80 10 1.51828 0.2505 0.7815 0.618 3 1 6 100 10 1.78424 0.237 0.795 0.4205 4 16 12 100 10 1.18868 0.292 0.74 0.413 5 9 6 80 35 1.25578 0.2385 0.7935 0.5445 6 2 12 80 35 1.79223 0.273 0.759 0.524 7 3 6 100 35 1.80402 0.223 0.809 0.4395 Response Surface Optimization Of Rice Straw Treatment With Oxalic Acid... 167 8 10 12 100 35 1.12842 0.2615 0.7705 0.397 9 20 3.95 90 22.5 1.20779 0.2405 0.7915 0.595 10 8 14.05 90 22.5 1.23923 0.294 0.738 0.4495 11 15 9 73.18 22.5 1.49939 0.2305 0.8015 0.59925 12 7 9 106.82 22.5 1.15283 0.2455 0.7865 0.4125 13 18 9 90 1.48 0.88965 0.222 0.81 0.4105 14 14 9 90 43.52 2.09994 0.251 0.781 0.625 15 6 9 90 22.5 2.04368 0.2153 0.8167 0.4605 16 17 9 90 22.5 2.04809 0.224 0.808 0.454 17 11 9 90 22.5 2.05637 0.228 0.804 0.461 18 19 9 90 22.5 2.0361 |
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