Loading...
Please wait, while we are loading the content...
Similar Documents
Methods for artificial rearing of solitary eumenid wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae)
| Content Provider | Semantic Scholar |
|---|---|
| Author | Chilcutt, Charles F. Cowan, David P. |
| Copyright Year | 1993 |
| Abstract | Solitary eumenid wasps of the genera Ancistrocerus and Euodynerus can be reared in small cages. Laboratory-reared larvae of the spruce budworm caterpillars, Choristoneura fumiferana (Lepidoptera: Torlricidae) are suitable prey. Many problems in insect biology are difficult or impossible to study in a completely natural setting, thus making artificial rearing methods necessary for further advances. Generally, it is necessary to provide adults with condi tions needed for maintenance, an appropriate environment for males and females to mate, proper oviposition stimuli for females, and an adequate diet for immature stages. Fulfilling these conditions for hunting wasps is rela tively complex because females require: (1) specific materials (from the envi ronment) for nest construction prior to oviposition; and (2) live arthropod prey for females to paralyze and provision for their offspring. Here we report suc cessfully rearing, under artificial conditions, solitary eumenid wasps of the genera Euodynerus and Ancistocerus. In nature, these wasps nest in hollow twigs and vacant insect borings (Krombein 1967). Within a cavity, a female lays an egg; she then hunts for and paralyzes caterpillars that are placed within the cavity or nest near her egg. When enough prey items have been placed in the cavity with the egg, the female then makes mud by mixing water and dry soil. She uses this mud to seal off a cell that contains her egg and its provisions. This process may be repeated in the same nesting cavity until it is filled with a linear series of cells containing her offspring. Observations by Steiner (1983) and by Veenendaal and Piek (1988) indicate that female eumenid wasps will engage in predatory and nesting behaviors within the confines of small cages. Such behavior makes large-scale artificial rearings possible. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eumenid wasps were obtained by rearing them from trap nests placed out in Kalamazoo and Iron counties, Michigan. Wasps were either removed from trap nests as larvae, or captured as young adults as they emerged from their nests. Males were transferred to a holding cage upon emergence, and two day lDepartment of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, MI 4900~. Current address: Department of Entomology, University of Hawaii. 3050 Maile Way. Honolulu. HI 96822. 1 Chilcutt and Cowan: Methods for Artificial Rearing of Solitary Eumenid Wasps (Hymenop Published by ValpoScholar, 1993 16 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 26, No.1 post-emergence females were placed in the cage with the males (different ages) for mating. Both mated and unmated females were used in this study. Captive rearings were carried out on the Western Michigan University campus during the summers of 1989-1991. Rearing cages were placed in a courtyard surrounded by a 3 story building. This allowed natural weather phenomena, but decreased sun exposure in the morning and evening. We reared wasps in 60 cm X 60 em X 60 em cages constructed of plywood bottoms, with one side and top of glass, and three sides of aluminum screen (18X16 mesh). For access, a 15cm square hole in the comer of a screened side supported a 100cm long cloth sleeve that could be knotted. In 1989, cages were raised 4cm above the ground on boards to prevent rotting. In 1990 and 1991, cages were placed on wooden stands (60cm high), with tangle foot applied to the legs to keep out pests. All outdoor cages contained: (1) a petri dish supplied daily with sugar water, (2) a jar lid of dried clayey mud, and (3) a petri dish supplied daily with water. A microscope slide was placed inside the water dish to allow wasps that fell in the water (a frequent occurrence) an escape route. Generally, the sugar water dried quickly: however, the wasps moistened the crystals with water and ate. Two or four females were placed in each cage, with each cage provided with two nests per wasp, wired to the inside screen or placed on the cage floor. The hole diameters of the nest sticks were the same as the sizes they selected in nature (5.6 mm, 6.4 mm, and 7.1 mm). The day after a nest was completed, as evidenced by a mud plug in the nest-hole entrance, the nest was removed and another nest was provided in its place. To provide wasps with potential prey, diapausing first instars of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) were obtained from the Canadian National Forestry Laboratory in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, and reared on commercial (Bioserve Corporation) diet, following instructions in Grisdale (1984). Collins and Jennings (1987) found spruce budworms to be a common prey (94% of prey found in trap nests) of Euodynerus and Ancistro cerus species in a spruce-fir forest. By placing budworms on the diet at the time of first-male emergence, prey items of suitable size (> 2mm) were avail able when female wasps began hunting about 10 days later. As an alternative to the commercial diet, we reared some budworms on a diet of tender buds of white spruce, Picea glauca. Expanding buds were cut early in the growing season and frozen for later use. For rearing budworm larvae, buds were thawed, sprayed with the same fungicide used with the artificial diet, and then placed in 30ml plastic cups. Attempts to rear bud worms on mature spruce foliage were unsuccessful. In 1989, 17 adult female Euodynerus foraminatus (Saussure), and one female Parancistrocerus sp. were placed in outdoor cages, with one cage con taining four wasps and seven cages containing two wasps apiece, and observed from 23 June until 1 August. In 1990, 18 Euodynerus planitarsis (Bohart) and 8 E. foraminatus were placed in outdoor cages (six cages con tained three E. planitarsis apiece and two cages containing 4 E. foraminatus apiece) on 15 June and observed until 21 September. In 1991,13 E. planitarsis, 2 E. foraminatus, 2 Euodynerus hidalgo (Saussure) and 4 Ancistrocerus antil ope (Panzer) females were placed in outdoor cages on 1 June and observed until 30 September. Indoor rearings were attempted in 1991. Five E. foraminatus females were placed singly in pint jars; four were placed singly in gallon jars. Each jar contained two trap nests, a capful of mud, a capful of water, and white spruce shoots. Jar openings were covered with screening and the wasps were fed on honey smeared on this cover. Honey or sugar water provided needed carbohy 2 The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 26, No. 1 [1993], Art. 2 http://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol26/iss1/2 1993 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOlOGIST 17 drates for the wasps. Due to limited space in the jars, prey were removed from rearing cups and placed on the spruce in the jars. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION During 1989, all 17 female wasps entered nest sticks; however only 3 E. foraminatus hunted, captured prey, and provisioned nests. Beginning on 7 June, these 3 females completed eleven nests that produced adult offspring, 10 females and 9 males During 1990, all 14 E. planitarsis females nested beginning on 30 June. They completed 59 nests that contained 127 provisioned cells, which produced 84 adults. Five of the 8 E. foraminatus females nested and completed 11 nests that contained 46 provisioned cells and which produced 35 adults. All of the offspring reared in 1990 were adult males, indicating that none of the parent females had mated. We reared parental females from larvae placed in vials, and transferred the newly emerged adults to cages with males for a day. We then transferred the females into the rearing cages that contained nesting supplies. Apparently the females were not fully mature and ready to mate when placed in the cage with the males. We avoided this problem in 1989 and 1991 by leaving larvae and pupae in their nests and allowing them to trans form to adults and emerge on their own. One day later we placed them in cages with males and watched to be sure they mated. In 1991, the first wasp began nesting in the cages on 7 June, apparently early due to unseasonably warm weather. ThirteenE. planitarsis completed 41 nests which contained 70 provisioned cells. One of 2 E. foraminatus females completed 2 nests with 3 provisioned cells. One of 4 A. antilope females com pleted 2 nests on the same day, each with one provisioned cell, before escaping from the cage. 1\vo of the 3 A. antilope that did not nest captured prey without placing them in a nest stick. The E. hidalgo females showed no inter est in prey, never displaying huntinf5 or searching behaviors. Attempts to rear wasps indoors In jars were less successful. Although 6 of the 9 wasps began nesting, mortality of the females was high. The primary problem was obtaining a b8.1ance between proper light and temperature condi tions. Wasps tended to remain in their nest under artificial . g (fluores cent) or when placed in naturally lit areas but not in direct su t. If placed in direct sunlight on warm days, temperatures in the jars soared and wasps died. Placing the jars in direct sunlight with partial shade seemed to help. Nests taken from the jars were damp, and most contained fungal growth. Apparently the heat and water provided for the wasps increased the humidity above safe levels. This problem did not occur outdoors in the better ventilated screen cages. In cramped rearing containers, caterpillars often crawled behind objects where the wasps could not reach. Spruce twigs placed in the rearing jars provided a centralized hunting area where budworms tended to stay. During the normal process of getting water and mud and returning to the nest to build mud partitions, several wasps were seen chewing on the caterpil lars' silk and possibly their frass. Perhaps wasps were using something from these materials as additives to the mud partition. All observed wasps spent time searching over the mud provided them before collecting mud from a well chosen spot. Such behaviors indicate that selection of the right kind of mud (apparently cohesive enough for the wasp to mold) is important. The low nesting suc |
| Starting Page | 2 |
| Ending Page | 2 |
| Page Count | 1 |
| File Format | PDF HTM / HTML |
| Volume Number | 26 |
| Alternate Webpage(s) | https://scholar.valpo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1802&context=tgle |
| Language | English |
| Access Restriction | Open |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
