Xiv-environment-a-air Pollution-1 Air Pollution Monitoring Xiv-environment-a-air Pollution-2

Content Provider	Semantic Scholar
Abstract	Air pollution from both stationary (e.g. factories) and mobile (e.g. cars) sources includes many substances, such as carbon monoxide or lead, which are harmful in themselves, primary pollutants, and other substances which react with other chemicals to form new harmful substances , secondary pollutants, (e.g. sulfur dioxide reacting with water and air to produce the sulfuric acid of acid rain). Secondary pollutants Secondary pollutants are monitored in New Zealand: ozone, photochemical smog and acid rain. None of these currently are found in high enough concentrations to be a significant concern. Monitoring Pollutants Air pollution monitoring is done by a number of organisations in New Zealand, including the Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR), the National Institute for Water and Atmosphere (NIWA), Regional Councils and industry. These pollutants are monitored through a variety of manual and instrumental methods with instrumental methods progressively replacing the manual ones. Manual sampling Manual methods include passive samplers (in which solid matter is collected from the air flow by a filter); paper tape samplers (where pollutants are collected, or react with a coating on a paper tape which is advanced at regular time intervals); and bubblers (which involve gases being bubbled through solutions in which particular pollutants undergo a reaction). The particular pollutants for which these methods can be used are outlined in Table 2. Instrumental methods Most of the instruments used are based on absorption or emission spectroscopic methods: non-dispersive infra-red (NDIR), chemiluminescence; flame photometry, and fluorescence. In the case of airborne particles instruments have been developed on the basis of light scattering, absorption of low-energy (beta) radiation, and the use of a continuously recording microbalance. As with manual methods, the instrumental techniques are best suited to specific pollutants, as shown in Table 2. Levels of pollution New Zealand, with the exception of a few specific areas, has quite low levels of pollution. Those pollutants which are of some concern are primarily carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen, both of which are associated with vehicle emissions. Fine particulate matter has also become a concern over the last few years. This is due to increasing levels of smoke from domestic fires.
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Resource Type	Article