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Effects of parental and peer support on self- esteem in adolescents
| Content Provider | Semantic Scholar |
|---|---|
| Author | Gunnarsdóttir, Helga Hafdís |
| Copyright Year | 2015 |
| Abstract | Icelandic Rannsoknir hafa sýnt að þeir unglingar sem eru með gott sjalfstraust bua að betri heilsu, eru seigari og hafa minni þunglyndiseinkenni. Vegna þessa er mikilvaegt að efla sjalfstraust unglinga með jakvaeðum samskiptum i gegnum sambond sem einkennast af stuðning og umhyggju. Tilgangur þessarar rannsoknar er að skoða ahrif stuðnings foreldra og vina a sjalfstraust hja islenskum unglingum. Tilgatur rannsoknarinnar eru; þeir unglingar sem fa stuðning fra foreldrum eru með haerra sjalfstraust en þeir sem fa ekki stuðning og þeir unglingar sem fa stuðning fra vinum eru með haerra sjalfstraust en þeir sem fa ekki stuðning. Rannsoknin byggist a gognum, fra Rannsoknum og Greiningu, Ungt Folk 2004. Þatttakendur i tilviljunarurtakinu voru samtals 2261. Til þess að meta sjalfstraust var notast við Rosenberg sjalfstraust kvarðann. Niðurstoður rannsoknarinnar gafu til kynna að stuðningur foreldra og vina hefur ahrif a sjalfstraust unglinga. Þeir unglingar sem fengu mikinn stuðning fra foreldrum og vinum voru með haerra sjalfstraust heldur en þeir sem fengu litinn stuðning. Strakar voru með haerra sjalfstraust en stelpur og einnig voru marktaek samvirkniahrif a milli kyns og stuðnings, sem sýnir, að stuðningur fra vinum og foreldrum hafði meiri ahrif a sjalfstraust hja stelpum samanborið við straka. Lykilorð: sjalfstraust, stuðningur foreldra, stuðningur vina PEER SUPPORT, PARENTAL SUPPORT AND SELF-ESTEEM 4 Effects of parental and peer support on self-esteem in adolescence Adolescence is a time of change for individuals, as they deal with the physical, cognitive and social changes that occur during this developmental period. All of these changes can be stressful and individuals can feel less valuable than others, making them at risk for a lower self-esteem (Harter, 1985). Self-esteem is modified from childhood through the adolescent’s life by social experiences that occur both outside and within the family (Rutter, 1987). Parental support is crucial in adolescence and parents could promote selfesteem in their children and reduce psychological distress by offering their support throughout this developmental phase (Boudreault-Bouchard et al., 2013). It has been shown that adolescents and adults who have high self-esteem are at better health, have better capacity to cope and have lower incidence of depressive symptoms (Kaplan, Robbins, & Martin, 1983). Trzesniewski, Donnellan, Moffitt, Robins and Poulton (2006) found out that those adolescents that had low self-esteem had negative influence on their physical and emotional health. In this study low self-esteem during adolescence predicted poor health, criminal behavior and limited economic prospects during adulthood. Results from the same study also indicated that low self-esteem in adolescence, predicts negative outcomes in their adulthood. Other studies have found similar results, low selfesteem can affect adolescent social life and can lead to eating disorders, depression and suicidal thoughts (Mcgee & Williams, 2000). It has been supported that self-esteem is an important mediator between social support and emotional adjustment both in early and late adolescence (Gaylord-Harden, Ragsdale, Mandara, Richards, & Petersen, 2007). The purpose in Gaylord et al study was to explore the extent to which self-esteem and ethnic identity mediate the relationship between peer and family support and anxiety and depression. Investigators proposed that support from family and peers would serve as a protective factor on depression and anxiety, which would promote PEER SUPPORT, PARENTAL SUPPORT AND SELF-ESTEEM 5 better self-esteem and perception of their ethnic group. The results from this study demonstrated that both self-esteem and ethnic identity partially mediated the effects of perceived support on depression and anxiety, that means that social support is mediated through self-esteem (Gaylord-Harden et al., 2007). Birndorf, Ryan, Auinger and Aten (2005) investigated adolescents who completed surveys in grades 8, 10 and 12. Changes in self-esteem were measured, and high and low self-esteem were compared. The results indicated gender differences, boys were found to have higher self-esteem than girls according to the study. The results also indicated that adults could promote self-esteem in adolescents by providing positive communication through supportive and caring relationships. According to the study adolescents in eight grade who reported having a positive communication within the family were much more likely to report high self-esteem in the twelfth grade. The authors from this study suggested that community leaders and clinicians may promote self-esteem in their young adults. This should be done by encouraging schools, families and organizations in the community to pursue positive communications and to provide nurturing and safe environments because all of these factors can have huge impact on the adolescent’s vulnerable self-esteem (Birndorf, Ryan, Auinger, & Aten, 2005). Family is one of the most important factor that influences the self-esteem in adolescents. Researchers have studied and demonstrated the importance of the family during adolescence, with regard to parenting styles and their communications with the teenagers as well as the relationships with their siblings (Collins & Steinberg, 2007). Support from friends has also influence on self-esteem in adolescent especially in the adolescence years (Fabes, Carlo, Kupanoff, & Laible, 1999). It has been shown that those adolescents that have close relationship with their parents are less likely to have social and psychological problems (Aufseeser, Jekielek, & Brown, PEER SUPPORT, PARENTAL SUPPORT AND SELF-ESTEEM 6 2006) and those adolescent, who are carefully looked after by their parents, spend time with their family and get support from it, are less likely to have friends that have bad influence on them (Bryndis Bjork Asgeirsdottir, Hera Hallbera Bjornsdottir, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Jon Sigfusson og Stefan Hrafn Jonsson, 2003). A study from 2011 indicated that relationships between adolescents and their parents play important role in the development of self-perception (Kokkinos & Hatzinikolaou, 2011). Participants in the study were young people from Greece and they wanted to study the importance of parenting styles on academic achievement, communication and self-esteem. Results indicated that adolescents who had warm and caring parents experienced more positive emotions and had better body image, which lead to higher self-esteem. On the other hand, adolescents who had experienced rejection from their parents and overprotection had lower self-esteem. Siyez and others in 2008 investigated self-esteem in adolescents’, problem behavior and perceived social support from parents and peers in 1734 college students (Siyez, 2008). The main purpose of the study was to examine what influences family conflict and what perceived support from parents and peers would have on adolescent self-esteem, depression and problem behavior. Another purpose was to see if there would be any difference in the results between boys and girls. Measures that were used in the study were multiple problem behavior index and self-esteem, depression, perceived parent social support, perceived peer social support, and family conflict subscales, which are included in the Adolescent Health and Development Questionnaire (AHDQ). The results in the study support the main hypothesis, that is, those adolescents who perceived a lot of family conflict within the family had lower self-esteem and higher level of depression than those who perceived little family conflict. Lower self-esteem and higher level of depression could then predict problem behavior for those adolescents who perceive family conflict. Those adolescents that received PEER SUPPORT, PARENTAL SUPPORT AND SELF-ESTEEM 7 parental and peer support had higher self-esteem and fewer depressive symptoms. Regarding gender differences, girls perceived more peer support than boys but the results did not indicate gender difference regarding perceived parental support, family conflict, depression and self-esteem levels. Investigators in the study suggested that it would be good for individuals to support those friendships that they already have and that family conflict would need to be solved to strengthen general welfare for adolescents. Other study from 1996 also indicated gender difference, that globally girls have lower selfesteem than boys. (Bolognini, Plancherel, Bettschart, & Halfon, 1996). The studies that have been reviewed show similar results, that family, parents and peer attachment and communication are important regarding high self-esteem for adolescence. Therefore it is clear that the immediate environment of the adolescent, the family, parents and peers have the most influence on the self-esteem in adolescence. Due to these statements self-esteem should be talked about with high importance in all age groups, especially among young people because self-esteem plays a pivotal role in creating the type of person one becomes and how people feel though their lifespan. The present study examines the relationship between self-esteem and parental and peer support. Correlation with different factors in parental and peer support on self-esteem will also be examined. The main hypotheses is the study are; those adolescents that receive parental support have higher self-esteem than those who do not perceive support and; those adolescence that receive peer support have higher self-esteem than those who do not perceive support. |
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| Alternate Webpage(s) | https://skemman.is/bitstream/1946/22493/1/Effects%20of%20parental%20and%20peer%20support%20on%20self-esteem%20in%20adolescents%20.pdf |
| Language | English |
| Access Restriction | Open |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
