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The Effects of Temperature and Salinity on Wood Frog (Lithobates sylvaticus) Tadpole Growth and Survival
| Content Provider | Semantic Scholar |
|---|---|
| Author | Clemmer, Jennifer H. Miller, Ethan Zane Smith, Geoffrey R. Rettig, Jessica E. |
| Copyright Year | 2020 |
| Abstract | l11creased levels of road salt rt1noff in co1nbination with increasecl temperatures earlier in the spring co11ld create stressful e11vironments for wood frog (Lithobates s_)1[\1atici1,s) tadpoles. We exa1nined the effects of salinjty and temperature as stressors, both indepe11dently and jointly. We t1sed tl1ree conce11trations of NaCl ( co11trol, low, and hjg]1) ar1d two temperat11re treat111ents. Higher ternperature rest1lted in significa11tly decreased s11rvivorship, but did not affect 111ea1 tadpole mass. Sal inity dicl not have a1y significant e·ffects, nor did tl1e i11teractio11 of sali11ity a11d temperature. These rest11ts suggest wa1111ing tre11ds 1nay have greater effects on this populatio11 tl1a11 cl1a1 ges in salinity. It is commo11 for northern te1nperate regions to have salt-contaminated freshwater habitats due to the freqt1ent t1se of road deicing compounds (e.g., Kat1shal et al., 2005). Such salt-contami11ation ca11 caLtse stL1nted gro\vth, slo\ver rates of 1neta1norphosis, and decreased survival of anur,1n larvae (Dot1gherty ancl Smitl1, 2006; Collins and Rt1sselI, 2009; La11ghans et al., 2009), however some species or pop11latio11s of an11ra11s are relatively tolera11t of salt-contamination (e .g., Dougherty a11d Smith, 2006; Karraker, 2007; Colli11s a11d Russel], 2009). I11deed, some species appear to be pre,1ented fro1n occt1pyi11g ponds co11tan1inated with road salt, ,vhereas other species appear to be able to occt1py them (Colli11s and R11ssel l, 2009). Temperature is another factor tl1at can affect the performance of a11L1ran larvae. However, the effects of ten1peratt1re on anuran tadpoles can be variable, \Vith i11creased te1nperatt1res sho\vn ,, to clecrease taclpole gro\vtl1 in s01ne species (e.g. , Al\1arez and Nicieza, 2002; Orizaola a11cl LaL1ri]a, 2009) and increase tadpole growth i11 other species (e.g. , Sanuy et al., 2008; Castano et al ., 2010). Temperature ca11 also affect survivorship i11 tc1dpoles, 1⁄21 ith l1igher temperattires sometimes rest1lting in lov\1er st1rvivorsl1ip ( e.g., Casta110 et al . 2010) or 11.igher survivorship ( e.g., SanLty et al., 2008; Orizaola and Laurila , 2009). Wood frogs (Lithobates SJ1lvaticLt,c;) are a common and vvidespread frog in northeaster11 North America that inhabit vernal pools (Redmer a11d Trat1th, 2005). This is a regio1 where sali nization of f'reshw,1ter is importa11t (Kat1shal et al ., 2005). Give11 that wood frogs are early spring breeders (Redmer and T·rau th , 2005), they are likely to be affected by both road salt contami11ation at1d a11y wa1·1ning trends associated vvith global cli1nate cl1a11ge. Previous st11dies have fotind that wood frogs are susceptible to tl1e effects ot· salt-co11tami11atio11, bt1t the conce11trations tl1at increase mortality or aft·ect gro'vvtl1 ca1 vary amo11g populatio11s (e.g., Colli ns and R11ssell, 2009; La11gha11s et al ., 2009; Petranka and Doyle, 2010). Road salt can also l1ave significant den1ographic effects on wood frog populatio11s (Karraker et al., 2008). Considering tem1)eratt1re. Castano et al. (2010) fot1nd that the st1rvivorship of wood frog tadpoles from Ohio was better at l 7°C tl1an at 25°C; however, tl1ey f'ot111d that taclpoles at 25°C vvere larger tl1an taclpoles at l 7°C. To our k11owledge, no previot1s study has examined the potential i11teraction bet\veen salt contaminatio11 and te1nperature 01 the perfor1nance of wood frog tadpoles. Such i11fo1mc1tion Lnay allo\v us to better Ltnderstand the pote11tial impacts of these e1viron1ne11tal stressors on wood frogs. page 38 Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society Volume 47 Numbers 1-4 January-December 2011 To this end , we examined how tl1e combination of increased salinity a11d i11creased water temperature may affect the growth a11d survivorship of wood frog tadpoles . Materials and Methods We collected wood frog egg masses (N = 6) from a local pond ,vitl1in 24 h of oviposition. We inc11bated the eggs in the laboratory until hatching. Upo1 hatcl1ing, tadpoles \,Vere maintained i11 large plastic containers where tadpoles fro1n the diff'ere11t clutches ,,vere allo\ved to mix. We began the experi1nent once tadpoles reached Gosner Stage 26 (Gos11er, 1960) and had a n1ea11 mass of 0.023 + 0.001 g (N = 10). . The experiment was a 3 x 2 fully factorial design with tl1ree salinity treatments (control , low, and ]1igh) and t,vo temperattire treatments (25°C a11d 30.5°C) replicated 6 ti1nes. For the saLi11ity treat1nents, we created stock solutions of the ]ow (500 mg NaC]/L) and higl1 (I 000 mg NaCl/L) salinity treatments t1sing NaCl (Fisher Scientific Sodium Chloride Certified for Biological Work) and aged ta1Jwater. Temperature treatments were created by placi11g t]1e containers in eitl1er a thermostat co11trolled lab (25°C) or a thennostat controlled greenho11se (30.5°C). Each experi11e11tal 1111 it consisted of a clear plastic container (21 c1n x 14 cm x 5 cm) fi ll ed with 500 mL of tl1e appropriate salinity solution. Each container had 5 tadpoles. Every 3 days ,ve refilled each container with water of the a1Jpropriate salt con.centration that had been accli1nated to the treatment ten1perature. We also re1noved feces and any rem,1ini11g food. We fed the tadpoles 0.05g of crusl1ed Purina Rabbit Chow per tadpole every 3 days. After 10 days, we recorded the n11mber of tadpoles alive in each container and weighed the st1rvivors to the nearest 0.001 g after blotting dry. We used two-way ANOVAs to analyze the effects of temperature a11d salinity 011 tadpole n1ass ai1d s11rvjvorship separately. |
| File Format | PDF HTM / HTML |
| Alternate Webpage(s) | https://digitalcommons.denison.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1073&context=facultypubs |
| Language | English |
| Access Restriction | Open |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
