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The course of posttraumatic stress disorder in a follow-up study of survivors of the Oklahoma City bombing.
| Content Provider | Semantic Scholar |
|---|---|
| Author | Pfefferbaum, Betty Tivis, Laura J. Kawasaki, Aya Reddy, Chandrashekar Spitznagel, Edward L. |
| Copyright Year | 2004 |
| Abstract | BACKGROUND The course of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in populations directly exposed to terrorist attacks is of major importance in the post-9/11 era. Because no systematic diagnostic studies of the most highly exposed individuals of the 9/11 terrorist attacks have yet been done, the Oklahoma City bombing remains a unique opportunity to examine PTSD over time in high-exposure terrorist victims. METHODS This study assessed 137 survivors in the direct path of the explosion at approximately 6 and 17 months postdisaster, using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. RESULTS Combined index and follow-up data yielded a higher (41%) incidence of PTSD than detected at index (32%) or follow-up (31%). All PTSD was chronic (89% unremitted at 17 months) with no delayed-onset cases. The avoidance and numbing symptom group C, unlike groups B and D alone, was pivotal to current PTSD status and was associated with indicators of functioning at index and follow-up. The findings at index were sustainable. CONCLUSIONS This follow-up study confirmed the immediacy of onset of PTSD and its persistence over time, pointing to the need for early interventions that continue over the long term. Group C avoidance and numbing symptoms may aid in early recognition of PTSD and in predicting long-term functioning. |
| File Format | PDF HTM / HTML |
| DOI | 10.1080/10401230490522034 |
| PubMed reference number | 15702569 |
| Journal | Medline |
| Volume Number | 16 |
| Issue Number | 4 |
| Alternate Webpage(s) | http://triggered.stanford.clockss.org/ServeContent?url=http://tandfonline.stanford.clockss.org/toc/uacp/16/../../../doi/pdf/10.1080/10401230490522034 |
| Alternate Webpage(s) | https://doi.org/10.1080/10401230490522034 |
| Journal | Annals of clinical psychiatry : official journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists |
| Language | English |
| Access Restriction | Open |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
