Sintesi E Valutazione Biologica Di Nuovi Agenti Potenzialmente Utili Nella Terapia Del Melanoma Maligno

Content Provider	Semantic Scholar
Author	Nassi, Alberto
Copyright Year	2010
Abstract	Malignant melanoma is an extremely aggressive tumour, which originates from the neoplastic transformation of melanocytes. The therapy of metastatic melanoma, whose incidence is dramatically increasing, continues to be a challenge since, regardless of the treatment approach used (chemotherapy, immunotherapy or immuno-chemotherapy), a long-term survival is quite uncommon. In an attempt to improve the effectiveness of the anticancer drugs currently available and to decrease their systemic toxicity, in addition to exploit some biochemical characteristics rather specific of the melanoma cells, a useful approach might be also the use of prodrugs, targeted to the tumor cells, that would release the active drug directly into the tumor mass and/or their surrounding extracellular environment. Aim of my Ph.D. work was the synthesis and the biological evaluation of three types of new compounds, designed as possible agents useful in an anti-melanoma therapy. The first compound, which we synthesized and tested, was a peptide-paclitaxel conjugate containing three functional domains: a “targeting domain”, an “activation sequence” and the cytotoxic agent paclitaxel. The “targeting domain”, whose function was to direct the conjugate to the tumour mass, was represented by a cyclic peptide containing the RGD sequence that can bind selectively the αVβ3 integrin, a surface molecule overexpressed by both metastatic human melanoma cells and endothelial cells of tumour vessels. The “activation sequence”, which should allow a selective release of paclitaxel within the tumour mass, was represented by a short peptide, substrate of cathepsin B (a lysosomal and pericellular protease highly up-regulated in malignant tumours, including human melanomas). The third functional domain consisted of the anticancer drug paclitaxel. The second type of prodrug, which we designed and tested, was a 4-mercaptophenol derivative, containing a butenone moiety, the 4-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfanyl]-3-buten-2-one, obtained in its E and Z geometric isomers. This compound has been designed considering that: a) the 4-mercaptophenol moiety would be a good substrate for tyrosinase, an enzyme expressed at high levels in melanoma cells, where it is involved in the biosynthesis of melanin, and able to oxidize a variety of natural and synthetic phenols, giving rise to alkylating and cytotoxic o-quinones; b) an α,β unsaturated side chain, reactive towards GSH (present in relatively high concentrations in melanoma cells) would decrease cellular antioxidant defense against the oxygen free radicals (ROS) generated as by-products during melanin synthesis, in normal as well in tumor cells. Therefore, our prodrug should act as a bifunctional agent, capable of generating cytotoxic o-quinone species (following its oxidation by tyrosinase) and reducing GSH levels. A third part of the present work has focused on the study of the naftoquinone alkannin and its two acetylated derivatives (1’-acetyl alkannin and 5,8,1’-triacetyl alkannin), as potential inhibitors of the human glutathione-S-transferase (GST) P1-1. This enzyme, which catalyzes the conjugation of GSH to a wide range of nucleophilic compounds, is expressed at high levels in many tumor cells, including melanoma cells, and is considered one of the factors responsible of tumor resistance towards anti-cancer agents. Therefore, a specific inhibitor of this enzyme could be useful in cancer therapy, making the tumor cells more sensitive to chemotherapeutic agents.
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Language	English
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Resource Type	Article