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Antagonistas de los receptores glutamatérgicos NMDA en el tratamiento del dolor crónico
| Content Provider | Semantic Scholar |
|---|---|
| Author | Neira, Francisco J. Ortega, Jesús López |
| Copyright Year | 2004 |
| Abstract | espanolLos receptores NMDA estan asociados con los procesos de aprendizaje y memoria, el desarrollo y la plasticidad neural, asi como con los estados de dolor agudo y cronico. Intervienen en el inicio y mantenimiento de la sensibilizacion central asociada a dano o inflamacion de los tejidos perifericos. El glutamato es el principal aminoacido excitatorio del SNC, puede participar en los procesos de transmision nociceptiva a nivel espinal, siendo el principal responsable de la transmision sinaptica rapida. La accion del glutamato en las vias del dolor esta mediada en su mayor parte a traves de receptores ionotropicos (AMPA, NMDA y kainicos). La activacion de los receptores NMDA juega un papel importante en la neurotransmision excitatoria y la plasticidad sinaptica del SNC. El glutamato o sus agonistas (NMDA, AMPA o acido kainico) estan involucrados en los procesos de generacion y mantenimiento de los estados de hiperalgesia (respuesta exacerbada al estimulo nocivo) y alodinia (disminucion del umbral doloroso). Se analiza la eficacia clinica de los antagonistas de los receptores NMDA (ketamina, memantina, amantadina, dextrometorfano y metadona). Entre sus posibles indicaciones se encuentran: dolor neuropatico oncologico, neuralgia postherpetica, traumatismo cronico, amputacion, lesion de la medula espinal, dolor de origen central secundario a accidente cerebrovascular, dolor de miembro fantasma, sindrome de piernas inquietas, dolor cronico orofacial, fibromialgia y cirugia, entre otros. La efectividad de la ketamina por via oral y parenteral ha sido estudiada en el dolor disestesico central, el dolor neuropatico en el sindrome de cola de caballo traumatico, la alodinia y la hiperalgesia. El dextrometorfano es un antitusigeno no opioide y un bloqueante no competitivo de los receptores NMDA. Entre sus indicaciones se encuentra el tratamiento de la neuropatia diabetica. La metadona se une fundamentalmente a los receptores opioides mu, pero ademas es un antagonista no competitivo de los receptores NMDA. La utilizacion de la metadona permite mejorar el control del dolor al disminuir el desarrollo de tolerancia a los opioides. La memantina es un antagonista no competitivo de los receptores NMDA. Disminuye la facilitacion intracortical y aumenta la inhibicion intracortical. Experimentalmente ha demostrado caracteristicas antinociceptivas en la fase secundaria a la inflamacion inducida por la prueba de la formalina. Disminuye la hiperalgesia termica y mecanica. Los antagonistas de los receptores NMDA, abren un nuevo horizonte en el tratamiento del dolor neuropatico. Son farmacos que habitualmente requieren la asociacion de otros analgesicos, normalmente actuan como coadyuvantes. Los resultados dispares de los diferentes antagonistas sobre una misma indicacion, no hacen sino confirmar la complejidad de su mecanismo de accion, que no se limita a antagonizar los receptores NMDA, sino que va mucho mas alla. EnglishNMDA receptors are associated to learning and memory processes, development and neural plasticity, as well as acute and chronic pain conditions. They are involved in the outset and maintenance of central sensitization associated to damage or inflammation of peripheral tissues. Glutamate is the main amino acid that stimulates the CNS, can be involved in nociceptive transmission processes at the spine level and is the main responsible for the fast synaptic transmission. The action of glutamate in the pain routes is mostly mediated by ionotropic receptors (AMPA, NMDA and kainic). The activation of NMDA receptors plays a major role in the excitatory neurotransmission and the synaptic plasticity of the CNS. Glutamate and its agonists (NMDA, AMPA or kainic acid) are involved in the generation and maintenance of hyperalgesia conditions (exacerbated response to noxious stimulus) and alodynia (decrease of pain threshold). The clinical effectiveness of NMDA receptor antagonists (ketamine, memantine, amantadine, dextromethorphan, methadone) is analyzed. Their potential indications include: cancer-related neuropathic pain; postherpetic neuralgia, chronic traumatism; amputation; spine injury; centrally-originated pain secondary to cerebrovascular accident, phantom limb pain; restless legs syndrome, orofacial chronic pain; fibromyalgia and surgery, among others. The effectiveness of ketamine when orally or parenterally administered has been studied in central dysesthesic pain, neuropathic pain in the traumatic cauda equina syndrome, alodynia and hyperalgesia. Dextromethorphan is a non-opiate antitussive and a non-competitive blocker of NMDA receptors. One of its indications is the management of diabetic neuropathy. Methadone binds mainly to opiate receptors mu, but it is also a non-competitive antagonist of NMDA receptors. The use of methadone improves the management of pain since it reduces the development of tolerance to opiates. Memantine is a non-competitive antagonist of NMDA receptors. It reduces the intracortical activation and increases the intracortical inhibition. Experimentally, it has shown antinociceptive effects during the phase secondary to the inflammation induced by the formaline test. It reduces the thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia. NMDA receptor antagonists open new perspectives for the management of neuropathic pain. These drugs are frequently combined with other analgesics, generally acting as coadjuvants. The disparate results obtained with different antagonists used for the same indication confirm the complexity of their mechanism of action, which is not limited to antagonism of NMDA receptors, but it goes much more beyond that. |
| Starting Page | 48 |
| Ending Page | 60 |
| Page Count | 13 |
| File Format | PDF HTM / HTML |
| Volume Number | 11 |
| Alternate Webpage(s) | http://scielo.isciii.es/pdf/dolor/v11n4/revision1.pdf |
| Language | English |
| Access Restriction | Open |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |