Loading...
Please wait, while we are loading the content...
Similar Documents
Gold Nanoparticles against Cancer
| Content Provider | Scilit |
|---|---|
| Author | Bawa, Raj Audette, Gerald F. Rubinstein, Israel |
| Copyright Year | 2016 |
| Description | Book Name: Handbook of Clinical Nanomedicine |
| Abstract | Many of the conventional therapies can be improved using drug delivery systems (DDS). They are designed mainly to modify the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of small molecular drugs. This is of special importance in the case of anticancer therapies in which a widespread distribution of small molecular chemotherapeutic drugs is often limiting treatments. In this context, nanotechnology emerges as a disruptive technology to design carriers that improve the delivery of drugs to their target organs. The composition of these nanocarriers comprises a wide range of materials such as polymeric nanocapsules, lipidic liposomes, or metallic nanoparticles. Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) are of special interest due to its demonstrated biocompatibility, their tunable surface chemistry, and their special optical and electronic Joan Comenge, PhD,a Francisco Romero, PhD,b Aurora Conill, MS,c and Víctor F. Puntes, PhDaaInorganic Nanoparticles Group, Catalan Institute of Nanotechnology, Barcelona, SpainbMolecular Science Institute, University of Valencia, Valencia, SpaincNanotargeting SL, Barcelona, Spain Keywords: nanotechnology, nanopharmaceutical, nanomedicine, targeting, gold, nanoparticles, cancer, drug delivery, enhanced permeability and retention effect, surface plasmon resonance, nanoparticle biodistribution, radiosensitizer, radiotherapy, photothermal therapy properties that allow its use not only as carriers but also as effectors. Hence, Au NPs are perfect candidates to be used for treatment of cancer in the clinics thanks to the capacity to be used as scaffolds to attach drugs or targeting molecules, as imaging agents, and as effectors themselves. 44.1 Historical Perspective on the Medical Use of GoldGold in different forms has been used for health in humans since ancient times. The synthesis of Au NPs has been in the spotlight since Faraday discovered in 1857 the mechanism of formation of pure gold colloids. This synthesis has been the keystone of a large amount of chemical routes to obtain Au NPs with controlled size, shape, and surface chemistry. Today, scientists have a wide catalog of Au NPs available, which can be used as excellent model systems to investigate the nano-bio interface. In the 1950s, the first use as contrast agents for radiotherapy was reported. Since the 1970s, Au NPs have been used in combination with antibodies (Abs) or other proteins to visualize specific cellular compartments, proteins, and receptors. Another well-known application of Au NPs is their use as probes of biomarkers in the pregnancy test (e.g., First Response®, marketed in the 1990s). This test is based on the specific recognition of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a hormone produced during pregnancy, by Au NPs conjugated with an antihCG Ab. Nowadays, advanced NP bioconjugate chemistries allow scientists to tailor NPs for much higher sophisticated purposes, such as orchestrating chemical reactions inside cells and manipulating cell response. The successful development of these challenging tasks relies on intelligent surface structure design and the ability to synthesize NP bioconjugates with the desired architecture, which is also paramount in obtaining a well-defined and reproducible behavior. 44.2 Gold in the ERA of Nanotechnology: New Properties for a Known MaterialPersonalized health care, rational drug design, and targeted drug delivery are some of the proposed benefits of a nanomedicine- based approach to therapy. The progress of the drug development is nowadays limited since most of the delivery methods are based mainly on oral or injection delivery routes, which strongly determines the formulation of the drugs. Precise drug release into highly specified targets involves miniaturizing the delivery systems to become much smaller than their targets. Nanoparticle DDS, due to their small size, can penetrate across the barriers through capillaries into individual cells to allow efficient accumulation at the targeted locations in the body. A wide variety of engineered NPs has been extensively used or is currently under investigation for drug delivery, imaging, biomedical diagnostics, and therapeutic applications. Among those, Au appears as one of the most use and most promising medical nanoparticles for diagnosis, therapy, and theranostics. The employment of NPs for the delivery of pharmaceuticals can result in higher concentrations than possible with other drug delivery methods, which could enhance the drug bioavailability or dosing at the targeted site as well as the overall efficiency of the used drug. For example, the involvement of stable conjugates of Au NPs coated with antibiotic molecules for therapy increases the efficiency of drug delivery to target cells in some studied cases.Au is a biocompatible inert material that can be produced with extreme size control and monodispersity; its functionalization and derivatization are very well developed; and it has a very high electron density, which can be exploited as contrast agents for X-ray imaging or X-ray radiotherapy, or as contrast agents for imaging in the near infrared (a much weaker highly penetrating photon wavelength) and as photoablation (hyperthermia) agents. 44.3 Synthesis of Gold NanoparticlesWhen using Au NPs for biological applications, special care has to be taken in the synthesis step since the size and size distribution play an important role in some biological responses such as biodistribution, tumor accumulation, and penetration, time of circulation, and immune response among others. Moreover, the nanoparticles surface should be ready for further chemical modifications in order to link the drug of interest.The synthesis of colloidal gold was introduced by Michael Faraday in the 1850s [1], but it was not until 1951 when the most usual synthetic methodology to obtain gold nanoparticles was exhaustively described by Turkevich [2]. This approach, based on the reduction of a gold salt by citrate, results in the... |
| Related Links | https://content.taylorfrancis.com/books/download?dac=C2015-0-60966-6&isbn=9780429068287&doi=10.1201/b19915-54&format=pdf |
| Ending Page | 1360 |
| Page Count | 22 |
| Starting Page | 1339 |
| DOI | 10.1201/b19915-54 |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | Informa UK Limited |
| Publisher Date | 2016-02-22 |
| Access Restriction | Open |
| Subject Keyword | Book Name: Handbook of Clinical Nanomedicine Agricultural Engineering Radiotherapy Drug Delivery Biocompatibility Biodistribution |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Chapter |
