NDLI: Overcoming interface losses in organic solar cells by applying low temperature, solution processed aluminum-doped zinc oxide electron extraction layers

Content Provider	Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Author	Li, Ning Litzov, Ivan Forberich, Karen Sauer, Gerhard Steidl, Matthias Halik, Marcus Stubhan, Tobias Brabec, Christoph J. Salinas, Michael Matt, Gebhard J.
Copyright Year	2013
Abstract	Intrinsic zinc oxide (ZnO) is widely used as an electron extraction layer (EEL) for inverted polymer solar cells. Despite the excellent device performance, a major drawback for large area production is its low conductivity. Using microscopic simulations, we derived a technically reasonable threshold value of 10−3 S cm−1 for the conductivity required to overcome transport limitations. For conductivity values typical for ZnO we observed the interface layer thickness restriction at only a few tens of nanometers, either as a fill factor drop due to serial resistance, eventually accompanied by a second diode behavior, or by the need for light soaking. Higher conductive aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO), which was introduced earlier, meets the desired conductivity threshold, however, at the cost of high temperature processing. High annealing temperatures (>150 °C) significantly improve the electrical properties of ZnO, but prohibit processing on plastic substrates or organic active layers. Here we report on AZO layers from a sol–gel precursor, which has been already reported to give sufficiently high conductivities at lower processing temperatures (<150 °C). We investigate the influence of different precursor compositions on the electrical properties of the thin films and their performance in inverted poly(3-hexylthiophene):[6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) solar cells. Low temperature AZO layers with thicknesses up to 680 nm maintained comparable performance to devices with thin AZO layers.
Starting Page	6004
Ending Page	6009
Page Count	6
File Format	HTM / HTML PDF
ISSN	20507488
Volume Number	1
Issue Number	19
Journal	Journal of Materials Chemistry A
DOI	10.1039/c3ta10987a
Language	English
Publisher	Royal Society of Chemistry
Access Restriction	Open
Subject Keyword	Zinc oxide Polymer Diode Nucleic acid thermodynamics Polythiophene Phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester Acid Ester
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Chemistry Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment Materials Science

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