NDLI: Superior sodium–lithium intercalation and depressed moisture sensitivity of a hierarchical sandwich-type nanostructure for a graphene–sulfate composite: a case study on Na2Fe(SO4)2·2H2O

Content Provider	Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Author	Zhang, Sen Meng, Yu Deng, Chao
Copyright Year	2015
Abstract	Sulfate-based (SO42−) polyanionic materials with low cost and ionic-conduction break fresh ground for “rocking-chair” systems. But the high moisture sensitivity and limited conductivity led to their poor crystal stability and inferior alkaline-ion intercalation chemistry. Here we report the design of graphene-based sandwich-type nanoarchitecture for sulfate. The three-dimensional graphene-based network not only provides continuous electron/ion pathways for fast intercalation kinetics, but also effectively protects the crystal structure from deterioration to depress moisture sensitivity. As a case study, the hydrated sulfate (Na2Fe(SO4)2·2H2O)–graphene composite with a sandwich-type structure is prepared by a facile low-temperature synthesis. The depressed moisture sensitivity of hierarchical graphene–Na2Fe(SO4)2·2H2O compared to the pristine one is demonstrated by comparing their hydration process, and moreover, a shell–core hydration mechanism is disclosed. The hierarchical composite exhibits improved electronic conductivity and better sodium–lithium insertion capability than the pristine one. It delivers a reversible capacity of 72 and 69 mA h g−1 with redox potentials of 3.415/3.234 V (vs. Na+/Na) and 3.579/3.483 V (vs. Li+/Li) in sodium and lithium intercalation systems, respectively. Moreover, it also exhibits superior high rate capabilities and good cycling stability, which delivers 81% (for sodium) and 70% (for lithium) of the capacity at a 5 C rate. Therefore, the hierarchical sandwich-type architecture is favorable to realizing superior electrochemical performance for the sulfate, which presents a significant step forward in the development of low-cost large-scale batteries.
Starting Page	4484
Ending Page	4492
Page Count	9
File Format	HTM / HTML PDF
ISSN	20507488
Volume Number	3
Issue Number	8
Journal	Journal of Materials Chemistry A
DOI	10.1039/c4ta06711h
Language	English
Publisher	Royal Society of Chemistry
Access Restriction	Open
Subject Keyword	Li Chemistry Sulfate Ion Graphene Redox Sodium Lithium Electrochemistry
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Chemistry Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment Materials Science

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