NDLI: Neither Classical nor Alternative Macrophage Activation Is Required for Pneumocystis Clearance during Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome

Content Provider	PubMed Central
Author	Zhang, Zhuo-qian Wang, Jing Hoy, Zachary Keegan, Achsah Bhagwat, Samir Gigliotti, Francis Wright, Terry W.
Editor	Deepe, G. S.
Copyright Year	2015
Abstract	Pneumocystis is a respiratory fungal pathogen that causes pneumonia (Pneumocystis pneumonia [PcP]) in immunocompromised patients. Alveolar macrophages are critical effectors for CD4+ T cell-dependent clearance of Pneumocystis, and previous studies found that alternative macrophage activation accelerates fungal clearance during PcP-related immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). However, the requirement for either classically or alternatively activated macrophages for Pneumocystis clearance has not been determined. Therefore, RAG2−/− mice lacking either the interferon gamma (IFN-γ) receptor (IFN-γR) or interleukin 4 receptor alpha (IL-4Rα) were infected with Pneumocystis. These mice were then immune reconstituted with wild-type lymphocytes to preserve the normal T helper response while preventing downstream effects of Th1 or Th2 effector cytokines on macrophage polarization. As expected, RAG2−/− mice developed severe disease but effectively cleared Pneumocystis and resolved IRIS. Neither RAG/IFN-γR−/− nor RAG/IL-4Rα−/− mice displayed impaired Pneumocystis clearance. However, RAG/IFN-γR−/− mice developed a dysregulated immune response, with exacerbated IRIS and greater pulmonary function deficits than those in RAG2 and RAG/IL-4Rα−/− mice. RAG/IFN-γR−/− mice had elevated numbers of lung CD4+ T cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, and NK cells but severely depressed numbers of lung CD8+ T suppressor cells. Impaired lung CD8+ T cell responses in RAG/IFN-γR−/− mice were associated with elevated lung IFN-γ levels, and neutralization of IFN-γ restored the CD8 response. These data demonstrate that restricting the ability of macrophages to polarize in response to Th1 or Th2 cytokines does not impair Pneumocystis clearance. However, a cell type-specific IFN-γ/IFN-γR-dependent mechanism regulates CD8+ T suppressor cell recruitment, limits immunopathogenesis, preserves lung function, and enhances the resolution of PcP-related IRIS.
Related Links	http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00763-15
Ending Page	4603
Page Count	10
Starting Page	4594
File Format	PDF
ISSN	00199567
e-ISSN	10985522
Journal	Infection and Immunity
Issue Number	12
Volume Number	83
Language	English
Publisher	American Society for Microbiology
Publisher Date	2015-12-01
Access Restriction	Open
Rights Holder	American Society for Microbiology
Subject Keyword	Immunology Microbiology Parasitology Infectious Diseases Research in Higher Education
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Infectious Diseases Parasitology Immunology Microbiology

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1	Ministry of Education (GoI), Department of Higher Education	Sanctioning Authority	https://www.education.gov.in/ict-initiatives
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4	Project PI / Joint PI	Principal Investigator and Joint Principal Investigators of the project	Dr. B. Sutradhar bsutra@ndl.gov.in Prof. Saswat Chakrabarti will be added soon
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