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Fish swimming in schools save energy regardless of their spatial position

Content Provider	PubMed Central
Author	Marras, Stefano Killen, Shaun S. Lindström, Jan Mckenzie, David J. Steffensen, John F. Domenici, Paolo
Abstract	For animals, being a member of a group provides various advantages, such as reduced vulnerability to predators, increased foraging opportunities and reduced energetic costs of locomotion. In moving groups such as fish schools, there are benefits of group membership for trailing individuals, who can reduce the cost of movement by exploiting the flow patterns generated by the individuals swimming ahead of them. However, whether positions relative to the closest neighbours (e.g. ahead, sided by side or behind) modulate the individual energetic cost of swimming is still unknown. Here, we addressed these questions in grey mullet Liza aurata by measuring tail-beat frequency and amplitude of 15 focal fish, swimming in separate schools, while swimming in isolation and in various positions relative to their closest neighbours, at three speeds. Our results demonstrate that, in a fish school, individuals in any position have reduced costs of swimming, compared to when they swim at the same speed but alone. Although fish swimming behind their neighbours save the most energy, even fish swimming ahead of their nearest neighbour were able to gain a net energetic benefit over swimming in isolation, including those swimming at the front of a school. Interestingly, this energetic saving was greatest at the lowest swimming speed measured in our study. Because any member of a school gains an energetic benefit compared to swimming alone, we suggest that the benefits of membership in moving groups may be more strongly linked to reducing the costs of locomotion than previously appreciated.
Related Links	http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00265-014-1834-4
Ending Page	226
Page Count	8
Starting Page	219
File Format	PDF
ISSN	03405443
e-ISSN	14320762
Journal	Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
Volume Number	69
Language	English
Publisher	Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Publisher Date	2015-02-01
Access Restriction	Open
Rights Holder	Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Subject Keyword	Animal Science and Zoology Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics Research in Higher Education
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Animal Science and Zoology Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics

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