NDLI: Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection, TLR3 Ligands, and Proinflammatory Cytokines Induce CD161 Ligand LLT1 Expression on the Respiratory Epithelium

Content Provider	PubMed Central
Author	Satkunanathan, Stifani Kumar, Naveenta Bajorek, Monika Purbhoo, Marco A. Culley, Fiona J.
Editor	Lyles, D.
Copyright Year	2014
Abstract	During respiratory-virus infection, excessive lymphocyte activation can cause pathology both in acute infection and in exacerbations of chronic respiratory diseases. The costimulatory molecule CD161 is expressed on lymphocyte subsets implicated in promoting respiratory inflammation, including Th2, Th17, mucosally associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, and type 2 innate lymphoid cells. We asked whether the CD161 ligand LLT1 could be expressed on respiratory epithelial cells following respiratory-virus infection as a mechanism by which respiratory-virus infection could promote activation of proinflammatory lymphocytes. In response to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, expression of LLT1 was upregulated in the BEAS-2B respiratory epithelial cell line and primary human bronchial epithelial cells. Imaging studies revealed that LLT1 expression increased in both RSV-infected and cocultured uninfected cells, suggesting that soluble factors produced during infection stimulate LLT1 expression. TLR3 and TLR2/6 ligands led to a rapid increase in LLT1 mRNA in respiratory epithelial cells, as did the proinflammatory cytokines type I interferons, interleukin 1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), which are produced early in respiratory-virus infection. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the increase in LLT1 protein on the epithelial cell surface, and live-cell confocal microscopy demonstrated accumulation of epithelial LLT1 at synapses formed with CD161+ T lymphocytes. LLT1 expression by the respiratory epithelium in response to respiratory-virus infection and inflammatory cytokines represents a novel link between innate immunity and lymphocyte activation. As a regulator of CD161+ proinflammatory lymphocytes, LLT1 could be a novel therapeutic target in inflammation caused by respiratory-virus infection.
Related Links	http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02789-13
Ending Page	2373
Page Count	8
Starting Page	2366
File Format	PDF
ISSN	0022538X
e-ISSN	10985514
Journal	Journal of Virology
Issue Number	5
Volume Number	88
Language	English
Publisher	American Society for Microbiology
Publisher Date	2014-03-01
Access Restriction	Open
Rights Holder	American Society for Microbiology
Subject Keyword	Immunology Virology Research in Higher Education
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Virology Immunology Microbiology Insect Science

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