NDLI: Origin of amphibian and avian chromosomes by fission, fusion, and retention of ancestral chromosomes

Content Provider	PubMed Central
Author	Voss, Stephen R. Kump, D. Kevin Srikrishna, Putta Pauly, Nathan Reynolds, Anna Henry, Rema J. Basa, Saritha Walker, John A. Smith, Jeramiah J.
Copyright Year	2011
Abstract	Amphibian genomes differ greatly in DNA content and chromosome size, morphology, and number. Investigations of this diversity are needed to identify mechanisms that have shaped the evolution of vertebrate genomes. We used comparative mapping to investigate the organization of genes in the Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum), a species that presents relatively few chromosomes (n = 14) and a gigantic genome (>20 pg/N). We show extensive conservation of synteny between Ambystoma, chicken, and human, and a positive correlation between the length of conserved segments and genome size. Ambystoma segments are estimated to be four to 51 times longer than homologous human and chicken segments. Strikingly, genes demarking the structures of 28 chicken chromosomes are ordered among linkage groups defining the Ambystoma genome, and we show that these same chromosomal segments are also conserved in a distantly related anuran amphibian (Xenopus tropicalis). Using linkage relationships from the amphibian maps, we predict that three chicken chromosomes originated by fusion, nine to 14 originated by fission, and 12–17 evolved directly from ancestral tetrapod chromosomes. We further show that some ancestral segments were fused prior to the divergence of salamanders and anurans, while others fused independently and randomly as chromosome numbers were reduced in lineages leading to Ambystoma and Xenopus. The maintenance of gene order relationships between chromosomal segments that have greatly expanded and contracted in salamander and chicken genomes, respectively, suggests selection to maintain synteny relationships and/or extremely low rates of chromosomal rearrangement. Overall, the results demonstrate the value of data from diverse, amphibian genomes in studies of vertebrate genome evolution.
Related Links	http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gr.116491.110
Starting Page	1306
File Format	PDF
ISSN	15495469
e-ISSN	15495469
Journal	Genome Research
Issue Number	8
Volume Number	21
Language	English
Publisher	Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
Publisher Date	2011-08-01
Access Restriction	Open
Rights Holder	Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
Subject Keyword	Research in Higher Education
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Genetics Genetics (clinical)

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