NDLI: Distribution, diversity, evolution, and survival of Helitrons in the maize genome

Content Provider	PubMed Central
Author	Yang, Lixing Bennetzen, Jeffrey L.
Abstract	Homology and structure-based approaches were used to identify Helitrons in the genome of maize inbred B73. A total of 1,930 intact Helitrons from eight families (62 subfamilies) and >20,000 Helitron fragments were identified, accounting for ≈2.2% of the B73 genome. Transposition of at least one of these families is ongoing, but the most prominent burst of amplification activity was ≈250,000 years ago. Sixty percent of maize Helitrons were found to have captured fragments of nuclear genes (≈840 different fragment acquisitions, with tens of thousands of predicted gene fragments inside Helitrons within the B73 assembly). Most acquired gene fragments are undergoing random drift, but 4% were calculated to be under purifying selection, whereas another 4% exhibit apparent adaptive selection, suggesting beneficial effects for the host or Helitron transposition/retention. Gene fragment capture is frequent in some Helitron subfamilies, with as many as 10 unlinked genes providing DNA inserts within a single element. Gene fragment acquisition appears to positively influence element survival and/or ability of the Helitron to acquire additional gene fragments. Helitrons with gene fragment captures in the antisense orientation have a lesser chance of survival. Helitron distribution in maize exhibits severe biases, including preferential accumulation in relatively gene-rich regions. Insertions, however, are not usually found inside genes. Rather, Helitrons preferentially insert near (but not into) other Helitrons. This biased accumulation is not caused by a preference for cis or nearby transposition, suggesting a specific association between Helitron integration functions and unknown chromatin characteristics that specifically mark Helitrons.
Related Links	http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0908008106
Ending Page	19927
Page Count	6
Starting Page	19922
File Format	PDF
ISSN	00278424
e-ISSN	10916490
Journal	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Issue Number	47
Volume Number	106
Language	English
Publisher	National Academy of Sciences
Publisher Date	2009-11-24
Access Restriction	Open
Rights Holder	National Academy of Sciences
Subject Keyword	General Research in Higher Education
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Multidisciplinary

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