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Particulate matter and atherosclerosis: role of particle size, composition and oxidative stress

Content Provider	PubMed Central
Author	Araujo, Jesus A. Nel, Andre E.
Copyright Year	2009
Abstract	Air Pollution has been associated with significant adverse health effects leading to increased morbidity and mortality. Cumulative epidemiological and experimental data have shown that exposure to air pollutants lead to increased cardiovascular ischemic events and enhanced atherosclerosis. It appears that these associations are much stronger with the air particulate matter (PM) component and that in urban areas, the smaller particles could be more pathogenic, as a result of their greater propensity to induce systemic prooxidant and proinflammatory effects. Much is still unknown about the toxicology of ambient particulates as well as the pathogenic mechanisms responsible for the induction of adverse cardiovascular health effects. It is expected that better understanding of these effects will have large implications and may lead to the formulation and implementation of new regulatory policies. Indeed, we have found that ultrafine particles (<0.18 μm) enhance early atherosclerosis, partly due to their high content in redox cycling chemicals and their ability to synergize with known proatherogenic mediators in the promotion of tissue oxidative stress. These changes take place in parallel with increased evidence of phase 2 enzymes expression, via the electrophile-sensitive transcription factor, p45-NFE2 related transcription factor 2 (Nrf2). Exposure to ultrafine particles also results in alterations of the plasma HDL anti-inflammatory function that could be indicative of systemic proatherogenic effects. This article reviews the epidemiological, clinical and experimental animal evidence that support the association of particulate matter with atherogenesis. It also discusses the possible pathogenic mechanisms involved, the physicochemical variables that may be of importance in the greater toxicity exhibited by a small particle size, interaction with genes and other proatherogenic factors as well as important elements to consider in the design of future mechanistic studies.
Related Links	http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1743-8977-6-24
Starting Page	24
File Format	PDF
ISSN	17438977
e-ISSN	17438977
Journal	Particle and Fibre Toxicology
Volume Number	6
Language	English
Publisher	BioMed Central
Publisher Date	2009-01-01
Access Restriction	Open
Rights Holder	BioMed Central
Subject Keyword	Toxicology Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis Research in Higher Education
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis Medicine Toxicology

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