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| Content Provider | PubMed Central |
|---|---|
| Author | Danielyan, Lusine Zellmer, Sebastian Sickinger, Stefan Tolstonog, Genrich V. Salvetter, Jürgen Ali, Lourhmati Reissig, Dieter D. Gleiter, Cristoph H. Gebhardt, Rolf Hrachia, Buniatian Gayane |
| Editor | Christophe, Egles |
| Copyright Year | 2009 |
| Abstract | In inner organs, glutamine contributes to proliferation, detoxification and establishment of a mechanical barrier, i.e., functions essential for skin, as well. However, the age-dependent and regional peculiarities of distribution of glutamine synthetase (GS), an enzyme responsible for generation of glutamine, and factors regulating its enzymatic activity in mammalian skin remain undisclosed. To explore this, GS localization was investigated using immunohistochemistry and double-labeling of young and adult human and rat skin sections as well as skin cells in culture. In human and rat skin GS was almost completely co-localized with astrocyte-specific proteins (e.g. GFAP). While GS staining was pronounced in all layers of the epidermis of young human skin, staining was reduced and more differentiated among different layers with age. In stratum basale and in stratum spinosum GS was co-localized with the adherens junction component ß-catenin. Inhibition of, glycogen synthase kinase 3β in cultured keratinocytes and HaCaT cells, however, did not support a direct role of ß-catenin in regulation of GS. Enzymatic and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction studies revealed an unusual mode of regulation of this enzyme in keratinocytes, i.e., GS activity, but not expression, was enhanced about 8–10 fold when the cells were exposed to ammonium ions. Prominent posttranscriptional up-regulation of GS activity in keratinocytes by ammonium ions in conjunction with widespread distribution of GS immunoreactivity throughout the epidermis allows considering the skin as a large reservoir of latent GS. Such a depository of glutamine-generating enzyme seems essential for continuous renewal of epidermal permeability barrier and during pathological processes accompanied by hyperammonemia. |
| Related Links | http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004416 |
| Starting Page | 4416 |
| File Format | |
| ISSN | 19326203 |
| e-ISSN | 19326203 |
| Journal | PLoS ONE |
| Issue Number | 2 |
| Volume Number | 4 |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | Public Library of Science |
| Publisher Date | 2009-02-01 |
| Access Restriction | Open |
| Rights Holder | Public Library of Science |
| Subject Keyword | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology(all) Agricultural and Biological Sciences(all) Medicine(all) Research in Higher Education |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
| Subject | Multidisciplinary |
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