NDLI: In vitro selection and characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolates with reduced sensitivity to hydroxyethylamino sulfonamide inhibitors of HIV-1 aspartyl protease.

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The bovine herpesvirus alpha gene trans-inducing factor activates transcription by mechanisms different from those of its herpes simplex virus type 1 counterpart VP16.

A single amino acid change in the cytoplasmic domain of the simian immunodeficiency virus transmembrane molecule increases envelope glycoprotein expression on infected cells.

In vitro selection and characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolates with reduced sensitivity to hydroxyethylamino sulfonamide inhibitors of HIV-1 aspartyl protease.

Tropism of varicella-zoster virus for human CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes and epidermal cells in SCID-hu mice.

Myxoma virus induces extensive CD4 downregulation and dissociation of p56lck in infected rabbit CD4+ T lymphocytes.

Pattern of disease after murine hepatitis virus strain 3 infection correlates with macrophage activation and not viral replication.

Involvement of a spliced and defective human foamy virus in the establishment of chronic infection.

Membrane protein molecules of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus also expose the carboxy-terminal region on the external surface of the virion.

Mapping of mutations contributing to the temperature sensitivity of the Sabin 1 vaccine strain of poliovirus.

Expression of PE38 and IE2, viral members of the C3HC4 finger family, during baculovirus infection: PE38 and IE2 localize to distinct nuclear regions.

Mimicry of the immunodominant conformation-dependent antigenic site of hepatitis A virus by motifs selected from synthetic peptide libraries.

Failure of the bovine papillomavirus to transform mouse embryo fibroblasts with a targeted disruption of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor genes.

The human cytomegalovirus UL98 gene transcription unit overlaps with the pp28 true late gene (UL99) and encodes a 58-kilodalton early protein.

Intermediates of adeno-associated virus type 2 assembly: identification of soluble complexes containing Rep and Cap proteins.

Nucleotide sequence and protein analysis of a complex piscine retrovirus, walleye dermal sarcoma virus.

Large hepatitis delta antigen in packaging and replication inhibition: role of the carboxyl-terminal 19 amino acids and amino-terminal sequences.

C/EBP proteins activate transcription from the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat in macrophages/monocytes.

Identification of gene products encoded by the latency-related gene of bovine herpesvirus 1.

The vaccinia virus D5 protein, which is required for DNA replication, is a nucleic acid-independent nucleoside triphosphatase.

Regulation of human cytomegalovirus US3 gene transcription by a cis-repressive sequence.

Transcriptional enhancer activity of hr5 requires dual-palindrome half sites that mediate binding of a dimeric form of the baculovirus transregulator IE1.

The foot-and-mouth disease virus leader proteinase gene is not required for viral replication.

Avian I kappa B alpha is transcriptionally induced by c-Rel and v-Rel with different kinetics.

Human cytomegalovirus upregulates NF-kappa B activity by transactivating the NF-kappa B p105/p50 and p65 promoters.

Herpes simplex virus glycoprotein K promotes egress of virus particles.

The B-cell response in lymphoid tissue of mice immunized with various antigenic forms of the influenza virus hemagglutinin.

Minute virus of mice transcriptional activator protein NS1 binds directly to the transactivation region of the viral P38 promoter in a strictly ATP-dependent manner.

Analysis of resistance to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitors by using matched bacterial expression and proviral infection vectors.

A novel method for efficient amplification of whole hepatitis B virus genomes permits rapid functional analysis and reveals deletion mutants in immunosuppressed patients.

The caprine arthritis encephalitis virus tat gene is dispensable for efficient viral replication in vitro and in vivo.

Positionally independent and exchangeable late budding functions of the Rous sarcoma virus and human immunodeficiency virus Gag proteins.

Host cell requirements for efficient infection of quiescent primary B lymphocytes by Epstein-Barr virus.

Gamma interferon is a major mediator of antiviral defense in experimental measles virus-induced encephalitis.

Construction of murine coronavirus mutants containing interspecies chimeric nucleocapsid proteins.

Mutational analysis of adeno-associated virus Rep protein-mediated inhibition of heterologous and homologous promoters.

Characterization of the echovirus 7 receptor: domains of CD55 critical for virus binding.

Interference with bacteriophage phi 6 genomic RNA packaging by hairpin structures.

Upstream CREs participate in the basal activity of minute virus of mice promoter P4 and in its stimulation in ras-transformed cells.

Complete replication of poliovirus in vitro: preinitiation RNA replication complexes require soluble cellular factors for the synthesis of VPg-linked RNA.

Biological function of the low-pH, fusion-inactive conformation of rabies virus glycoprotein (G): G is transported in a fusion-inactive state-like conformation.

Persistent infection of cultured cells with mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) results from the epigenetic expression of the MHV receptor.

The leader polypeptide of Theiler's virus is essential for neurovirulence but not for virus growth in BHK cells.

Herpes simplex virus immediate-early protein ICP22 is required for viral modification of host RNA polymerase II and establishment of the normal viral transcription program.

Pseudorabies virus and equine herpesvirus 1 share a nonessential gene which is absent in other herpesviruses and located adjacent to a highly conserved gene cluster.

Relationship between TATA-binding protein and herpes simplex virus type 1 ICP4 DNA-binding sites in complex formation and repression of transcription.

Hepatitis A viruses with deletions in the 2A gene are infectious in cultured cells and marmosets.

Rotavirus-induced fusion from without in tissue culture cells.

Differential antigen burden modulates the gamma interferon but not the immunoglobulin response in mice that vary in susceptibility to Sendai virus pneumonia.

The neurovirulent GDVII strain of Theiler's virus can replicate in glial cells.

Efficient expression of the human papillomavirus type 16 L1 protein in epithelial cells by using Rev and the Rev-responsive element of human immunodeficiency virus or the cis-acting transactivation element of simian retrovirus type 1.

Genomic organization of GB viruses A and B: two new members of the Flaviviridae associated with GB agent hepatitis.

Variability of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group O strains isolated from Cameroonian patients living in France.

BHK cell proteins that bind to the 3' stem-loop structure of the West Nile virus genome RNA.

Highly purified quiescent human peripheral blood CD4+ T cells are infectible by human immunodeficiency virus but do not release virus after activation.

Cytotoxic T cells are elicited during acute infection of mice with lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus but disappear during the chronic phase of infection.

RNA replication by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is directed by the N, P, and L proteins; transcription also occurs under these conditions but requires RSV superinfection for efficient synthesis of full-length mRNA.

Mapping domains of retroviral integrase responsible for viral DNA specificity and target site selection by analysis of chimeras between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and visna virus integrases.

Detection of an RNase H activity associated with hepadnaviruses.

Functional interactions between herpes simplex virus immediate-early proteins during infection: gene expression as a consequence of ICP27 and different domains of ICP4.

Nucleocapsid protein effects on the specificity of retrovirus RNA encapsidation.

Involvement of the V1/V2 variable loop structure in the exposure of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 epitopes induced by receptor binding.

A human recombinant Fab identifies a human immunodeficiency virus type 1-induced conformational change in cell surface-expressed CD4.

Persistence of attenuated rev genes in a human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected asymptomatic individual.

The 5' ends of Hantaan virus (Bunyaviridae) RNAs suggest a prime-and-realign mechanism for the initiation of RNA synthesis.

The rotavirus nonstructural glycoprotein NSP4 mobilizes Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum.

Nucleotide sequence variation of the envelope protein gene identifies two distinct genotypes of yellow fever virus.

Gene I mutants of peanut chlorotic streak virus, a caulimovirus, replicate in plants but do not move from cell to cell.

Receptor binding site-deleted foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus protects cattle from FMD.

The alpha-glucosidase inhibitor N-butyldeoxynojirimycin inhibits human immunodeficiency virus entry at the level of post-CD4 binding.

DNA-based immunization with chimeric vectors for the induction of immune responses against the hepatitis C virus nucleocapsid.

The amino terminus of Tax is required for interaction with the cyclic AMP response element binding protein.

Two independent pathways of expression lead to self-assembly of the rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus capsid protein.

Synthesis and secretion of recombinant tick-borne encephalitis virus protein E in soluble and particulate form.

Cyclophilin binding to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag polyprotein is mimicked by an anti-cyclosporine antibody.

Induction of macrophage procoagulant activity by murine hepatitis virus strain 3: role of tyrosine phosphorylation.

The capsid determinant of fibrotropism for the MVMp strain of minute virus of mice functions via VP2 and not VP1.

Inhibition of protein phosphorylation modulates expression of the Jak family protein tyrosine kinases.

High levels of anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) memory cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity and low viral load are associated with lack of disease in HIV-1-infected long-term nonprogressors.

Transcriptional regulation of human JC polyomavirus promoters by cellular proteins YB-1 and Pur alpha in glial cells.

Characterization of diverse primary herpes simplex virus type 1 gB-specific cytotoxic T-cell response showing a preferential V beta bias.

Infectious cDNA clones of echovirus 12 and a variant resistant against the uncoating inhibitor rhodanine differ in seven amino acids.

Immune responses to plasmid DNA encoding the hepatitis C virus core protein.

Sequences within the parvovirus minute virus of mice NS2-specific exon are required for inclusion of this exon into spliced steady-state RNA.

Mutational analysis of the interaction between the bovine papillomavirus E5 transforming protein and the endogenous beta receptor for platelet-derived growth factor in mouse C127 cells.

Innate resistance to lethal mousepox is genetically linked to the NK gene complex on chromosome 6 and correlates with early restriction of virus replication by cells with an NK phenotype.

Modification of retroviral RNA by double-stranded RNA adenosine deaminase.

Fate of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 provirus in infected cells: a role for vpr.

Isolation of novel human endogenous retrovirus-like elements with foamy virus-related pol sequence.

Tumor necrosis factor expression during mouse hepatitis virus-induced demyelinating encephalomyelitis.

Sequences in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 U3 region required for in vivo and in vitro integration.

Efficient magnesium-dependent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase activity.

In vivo activity of the hepatitis B virus core promoter: tissue specificity and temporal regulation.

Full-length proviruses of baboon endogenous virus (BaEV) and dispersed BaEV reverse transcriptase retroelements in the genome of baboon species.

The tax mutation at nucleotide 7959 of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is not associated with tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-1-associated myelopathy but is linked to the cosmopolitan molecular genotype.

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In vitro selection and characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolates with reduced sensitivity to hydroxyethylamino sulfonamide inhibitors of HIV-1 aspartyl protease.

Content Provider	PubMed Central
Author	Partaledis, J. A. Yamaguchi, K. Tisdale, M. Blair, E. E. Falcione, C. Maschera, B. Myers, R. E. Pazhanisamy, S. Futer, O. Cullinan, A. B.
Abstract	Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) variants with reduced sensitivity to the hydroxyethylamino sulfonamide protease inhibitors VB-11,328 and VX-478 have been selected in vitro by two independent serial passage protocols with HIV-1 in CEM-SS and MT-4 cell lines. Virus populations with greater than 100-fold-increased resistance to both inhibitors compared with the parental virus have been obtained. DNA sequence analyses of the protease genes from VB-11,328- and VX-478-resistant variants reveal a sequential accumulation of point mutations, with similar resistance patterns occurring for the two inhibitors. The deduced amino acid substitutions in the resistant protease are Leu-10-->Phe, Met-46-->Ile, Ile-47-->Val, and Ile-50-->Val. This is the first observation in HIV protease resistance studies of an Ile-50-->Val mutation, a mutation that appears to arise uniquely against the sulfonamide inhibitor class. When the substitutions observed were introduced as single mutations into an HIV-1 infectious clone (HXB2), only the Ile-50-->Val mutant showed reduced sensitivity (two- to threefold) to VB-11,328 and VX-478. A triple protease mutant infectious clone carrying the mutations Met-46-->Ile, Ile-47-->Val, and Ile-50-->Val, however, showed much greater reduction in sensitivity (14- to 20-fold) to VB-11,328 and VX-478. The same mutations were studied in recombinant HIV protease. The mutant protease Ile-50-->Val displays a much lower affinity for the inhibitors than the parent enzyme (< or = 80-fold). The protease triply mutated at Met-46-->Ile, Ile-47-->Val, and Ile-50-->Val shows an even greater decrease in inhibitor binding (< or = 270-fold). The sulfonamide-resistant HIV protease variants remain sensitive to inhibitors from other chemical classes (Ro 31-8959 and L-735,524), suggesting possibilities for clinical use of HIV protease inhibitors in combination or serially.
Starting Page	5228
File Format	PDF
ISSN	10985514
e-ISSN	10985514
Journal	Journal of Virology
Issue Number	9
Volume Number	69
Language	English
Publisher Date	1995-09-01
Access Restriction	Open
Subject Keyword	Research in Higher Education
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Virology Immunology Microbiology Insect Science

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