NDLI: Tradeoffs between income, biodiversity, and ecosystem functioning during tropical rainforest conversion and agroforestry intensification

Content Provider	PubMed Central
Author	Ingolf, Steffan-dewenter Kessler, Michael Barkmann, Jan Bos, Merijn M. Damayanti, Buchori Stefan, Erasmi Faust, Heiko Gerold, Gerhard Klaus, Glenk Gradstein, S. Robbert Edi, Guhardja Harteveld, Marieke Hertel, Dietrich Höhn, Patrick Kappas, Martin Köhler, Stefan Leuschner, Christoph Maertens, Miet Marggraf, Rainer Sonja, Migge-kleian Mogea, Johanis Pitopang, Ramadhaniel Schaefer, Matthias Schwarze, Stefan Sporn, Simone G. Steingrebe, Andrea Tjitrosoedirdjo, Sri S. Tjitrosoemito, Soekisman Twele, André Weber, Robert Woltmann, Lars Zeller, Manfred Tscharntke, Teja
Copyright Year	2007
Abstract	Losses of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning due to rainforest destruction and agricultural intensification are prime concerns for science and society alike. Potentially, ecosystems show nonlinear responses to land-use intensification that would open management options with limited ecological losses but satisfying economic gains. However, multidisciplinary studies to quantify ecological losses and socioeconomic tradeoffs under different management options are rare. Here, we evaluate opposing land use strategies in cacao agroforestry in Sulawesi, Indonesia, by using data on species richness of nine plant and animal taxa, six related ecosystem functions, and on socioeconomic drivers of agroforestry expansion. Expansion of cacao cultivation by 230% in the last two decades was triggered not only by economic market mechanisms, but also by rarely considered cultural factors. Transformation from near-primary forest to agroforestry had little effect on overall species richness, but reduced plant biomass and carbon storage by ≈75% and species richness of forest-using species by ≈60%. In contrast, increased land use intensity in cacao agroforestry, coupled with a reduction in shade tree cover from 80% to 40%, caused only minor quantitative changes in biodiversity and maintained high levels of ecosystem functioning while doubling farmers' net income. However, unshaded systems further increased income by ≈40%, implying that current economic incentives and cultural preferences for new intensification practices put shaded systems at risk. We conclude that low-shade agroforestry provides the best available compromise between economic forces and ecological needs. Certification schemes for shade-grown crops may provide a market-based mechanism to slow down current intensification trends.
Related Links	http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0608409104
Ending Page	4978
Page Count	6
Starting Page	4973
File Format	PDF
ISSN	00278424
e-ISSN	10916490
Journal	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Issue Number	12
Volume Number	104
Language	English
Publisher	National Academy of Sciences
Publisher Date	2007-03-20
Access Restriction	Open
Rights Holder	National Academy of Sciences
Subject Keyword	General Research in Higher Education
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Multidisciplinary

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1	Ministry of Education (GoI), Department of Higher Education	Sanctioning Authority	https://www.education.gov.in/ict-initiatives
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3	National Digital Library of India Office, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur	The administrative and infrastructural headquarters of the project	Dr. B. Sutradhar bsutra@ndl.gov.in
4	Project PI / Joint PI	Principal Investigator and Joint Principal Investigators of the project	Dr. B. Sutradhar bsutra@ndl.gov.in Prof. Saswat Chakrabarti will be added soon
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