NDLI: Rhizonin, the First Mycotoxin Isolated from the Zygomycota, Is Not a Fungal Metabolite but Is Produced by Bacterial Endosymbionts▿

Content Provider	PubMed Central
Author	Partida-martinez, Laila P. Flores, De Looß Carina Ishida, Keishi Ishida, Mie Roth, Martin Buder, Katrin Hertweck, Christian
Copyright Year	2007
Abstract	Rhizonin is a hepatotoxic cyclopeptide isolated from cultures of a fungal Rhizopus microsporus strain that grew on moldy ground nuts in Mozambique. Reinvestigation of this fungal strain by a series of experiments unequivocally revealed that this “first mycotoxin from lower fungi” is actually not produced by the fungus. PCR experiments and phylogenetic studies based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the fungus is associated with bacteria belonging to the genus Burkholderia. By transmission electron microscopy, the bacteria were localized within the fungal cytosol. Toxin production and the presence of the endosymbionts were correlated by curing the fungus with an antibiotic, yielding a nonproducing, symbiont-free phenotype. The final evidence for a bacterial biogenesis of the toxin was obtained by the successful fermentation of the endosymbiotic bacteria in pure culture and isolation of rhizonin A from the broth. This finding is of particular interest since Rhizopus microsporus and related Rhizopus species are frequently used in food preparations such as tempeh and sufu.
Related Links	http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01784-06
Ending Page	797
Page Count	5
Starting Page	793
File Format	PDF
ISSN	00992240
e-ISSN	10985336
Journal	Applied and Environmental Microbiology
Issue Number	3
Volume Number	73
Language	English
Publisher	American Society for Microbiology
Publisher Date	2007-02-01
Access Restriction	Open
Rights Holder	American Society for Microbiology
Subject Keyword	Biotechnology Food Science Ecology Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Research in Higher Education
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Ecology Food Science Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Biotechnology

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