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A TinyML Soft-Sensor Approach for Low-Cost Detection and Monitoring of Vehicular Emissions
| Content Provider | MDPI |
|---|---|
| Author | Andrade, Pedro Silva, Ivanovitch Silva, Marianne Flores, Thommas Cassiano, Jordão Costa, Daniel G. |
| Copyright Year | 2022 |
| Description | Vehicles are the major source of air pollution in modern cities, emitting excessive levels of $CO_{2}$ and other noxious gases. Exploiting the OBD-II interface available on most vehicles, the continuous emission of such pollutants can be indirectly measured over time, although accuracy has been an important design issue when performing this task due the nature of the retrieved data. In this scenario, soft-sensor approaches can be adopted to process engine combustion data such as fuel injection and mass air flow, processing them to estimate pollution and transmitting the results for further analyses. Therefore, this article proposes a soft-sensor solution based on an embedded system designed to retrieve data from vehicles through their OBD-II interface, processing different inputs to provide estimated values of $CO_{2}$ emissions over time. According to the type of data provided by the vehicle, two different algorithms are defined, and each follows a comprehensive mathematical formulation. Moreover, an unsupervised TinyML approach is also derived to remove outliers data when processing the computed data stream, improving the accuracy of the soft sensor as a whole while not requiring any interaction with cloud-based servers to operate. Initial results for an embedded implementation on the Freematics ONE+ board have shown the proposal’s feasibility with an acquisition frequency equal to 1Hz and emission granularity measure of $gCO_{2}$/km. |
| Starting Page | 3838 |
| e-ISSN | 14248220 |
| DOI | 10.3390/s22103838 |
| Journal | Sensors |
| Issue Number | 10 |
| Volume Number | 22 |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | MDPI |
| Publisher Date | 2022-05-19 |
| Access Restriction | Open |
| Subject Keyword | Sensors Industrial Engineering Internet of Things Internet of Intelligent Vehicles Tinyml Soft Sensor Air Pollution Obd-ii |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
