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Synergistic Catalytic Effect of Sulphated Zirconia—HCl System for Levulinic Acid and Solid Residue Production Using Microwave Irradiation
| Content Provider | MDPI |
|---|---|
| Author | Juan, González-Carballo Hurst, George Tosheva, Lubomira Tedesco, Silvia |
| Copyright Year | 2021 |
| Description | The synergistic conversion of Miscanthus x Giganteous with sulphated zirconia and dilute hydrochloric acid was investigated. The sulphated zirconia was prepared using H2SO4 impregnation and characterised using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), Scanning Electron Miscroscope (SEM) spectroscopy and nitrogen adsorption–desorption measurements. The microwave-assisted reaction was evaluated at various temperatures, reaction times and catalyst-to-biomass ratios, with and without the presence of trace HCl in the solution medium for the conversion of Miscanthus x Giganteous to levulinic acid. The highest levulinic acid yield of 63.8% was achieved at 160 °C, 80 min and a 2:1 catalyst-to-biomass ratio, with 10 mM HCl. The catalyst recyclability was investigated with and without calcination, finding that significant humin deposition on the catalyst surface likely caused catalyst deactivation. The post-reaction solid residue was also characterised using SEM, EDX, XRD, elemental composition and nitrogen adsorption–desorption measurements. Findings indicate that this residue could potentially be used as a soil amendment or as a fuel source. The synergistic conversion of real lignocellulosic biomass with sulphated zirconia and trace hydrochloric acid showed remarkable promise and should be investigated further. |
| Starting Page | 1582 |
| e-ISSN | 19961073 |
| DOI | 10.3390/en14061582 |
| Journal | Energies |
| Issue Number | 6 |
| Volume Number | 14 |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | MDPI |
| Publisher Date | 2021-03-12 |
| Access Restriction | Open |
| Subject Keyword | Energies Paper and Wood Microwave Catalysis Sulphated Zirconia Heterogeneous Catalysis Lignocellulosic Biomass Levulinic Acid Hydrochars |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
