NDLI: Remote Estimation of Water Clarity and Suspended Particulate Matter in Qinghai Lake from 2001 to 2020 Using MODIS Images

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Remote Estimation of Water Clarity and Suspended Particulate Matter in Qinghai Lake from 2001 to 2020 Using MODIS Images

Content Provider	MDPI
Author	Tan, Zhenyu Cao, Zhigang Shen, Ming Chen, Jun Song, Qingjun Duan, Hongtao
Copyright Year	2022
Abstract	Climate change and human activities have been heavily affecting oceanic and inland waters, and it is critical to have a comprehensive understanding of the aquatic optical properties of lakes. Since many key watercolor parameters of Qinghai Lake are not yet available, this paper aims to study the spatial and temporal variations of the water clarity (i.e., Secchi-disk depth, $Z_{SD}$ ) and suspended particulate matter concentration ( $C_{SPM}$ ) in Qinghai Lake from 2001 to 2020 using MODIS images. First, the four atmospheric correction models, including the NIR–SWIR, MUMM, POLYMER, and C2RCC were tested. The NIR–SWIR with decent accuracy in all bands was chosen for the experiment. Then, four existing models for $Z_{SD}$ and six models for $C_{SPM}$ were evaluated. Two semi-analytical models proposed by Lee (2015) and Jiang (2021) were selected for $Z_{SD}$ ( $R^{2}$ = 0.74) and $C_{SPM}$ ( $R^{2}$ = 0.73), respectively. Finally, the distribution and variation of the $Z_{SD}$ and $C_{SPM}$ were derived over the past 20 years. Overall, the water of Qinghai Lake is quite clear: the monthly mean $Z_{SD}$ is 5.34 ± 1.33 m, and $C_{SPM}$ is 2.05 ± 1.22 mg/L. Further analytical results reveal that the $Z_{SD}$ and $C_{SPM}$ are highly correlated, and the relationship can be formulated with $Z_{SD} = 8.072 e^{- 0.212 C_{SPM}}$ ( $R^{2}$ = 0.65). Moreover, turbid water mainly exists along the edge of Qinghai Lake, especially on the northwestern and northeastern shores. The variation in the lakeshore exhibits some irregularity, while the main area of the lake experiences mild water quality deterioration. Statistically, 81.67% of the total area is dominated by constantly increased $C_{SPM}$ , and the area with decreased $C_{SPM}$ occupies 4.56%. There has been distinct seasonal water quality deterioration in the non-frozen period (from May to October). The water quality broadly deteriorated from 2001 to 2008. The year 2008 witnessed a sudden distinct improvement, and after that, the water quality experienced an extremely inconspicuous degradation. This study can fill the gap regarding the long-time monitoring of water clarity and total suspended matter in Qinghai Lake and is expected to provide a scientific reference for the protection and management of the lake.
Starting Page	3094
e-ISSN	20724292
DOI	10.3390/rs14133094
Journal	Remote Sensing
Issue Number	13
Volume Number	14
Language	English
Publisher	MDPI
Publisher Date	2022-06-27
Access Restriction	Open
Subject Keyword	Remote Sensing Imaging Science Qinghai Lake Secchi Disk Depth Total Suspended Matter Modis Bfast Mann–kendall Test Water Color
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article

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